Analysis Of Patricia Hill Collins Black Feminist - 956 Words

Patricia Hill Collins black feminist philosopher has written books and spent extensive time on studying the central concept of feminist epistemology is that of women placed in a particular position or condition and hence of fixed knowledge: knowledge that reflects the particular perspectives of women. In her book Black Feminist Thought Collins, expresses her concern as a black women moving from her neighborhood in Philadelphia to Boston she says, â€Å"My world grew larger, but I felt I was growing smaller. I tried to disappear into myself in order to deflect the painful, daily assaults designed to teach me that being an African American, working-class woman made me lesser than those who were not. And as I felt smaller, I become quieter and eventually was virtually silenced (Collins, 1990, p. xi).† However, she did not stay quiet for long, majoring in Sociology gave her the opportunity to study race and offer her endless opportunity to go many directions. In addition Collin s wrote Black Feminist Thought in order to help empower African-American women. She knew that when an individual Black woman’s consciousness concerning how she understands her everyday life undergoes change, she can become empowered. Such consciousness may stimulate her to embark on a path of personal freedom, even if it exists initially primarily in her own mind. My deepening understanding of empowerment stimulated more complex arguments of several ideas. I emphasize Black feminist thought’s purpose,Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Patricia Hill Collins s Black Feminists1088 Words   |  5 PagesAmong the central claims of black feminists is the inseparability of the structures and systems of gender, race, and class. Most black feminists deny it is possible for women to focus exclusively on their oppression as women. On the contrary, each woman needs to understand how everything about her provides part of the explanation for her subordinate status. In Black Feminist Thoug ht, Patricia Hill Collins explores the words and ideas of Black feminist intellectuals as well as those African-AmericanRead MoreAnalysis Of Patricia Hill Collins Piece, Defining Black Feminist Thought1816 Words   |  8 PagesPatricia Hill Collins’ piece, Defining Black Feminist Thought, sets out to do exactly that: to determine what Black Feminism is, who is a Black Feminist, and who can become a Black Feminist. While not always specifically stated, her argument and analysis arises from the historical context of the role of Black women in feminist and activist spaces, as well as the social reality of differing lived experiences of African American women from traditional white female feminists. Created in 1990, Collins’Read MoreBook Review: Black Feminist Thought (Patricia Hill Collins) Essay1077 Words   |  5 PagesAlexandra Bobet HIST 3119 Spring 2013 Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment (review) Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment. Ed. By Patricia Hill Collins. (New York: Routledge, 2000. ii, 336 pp. Cloth, $128.28, ISBN 0-415-92483-9. Paper, $26.21, 0-415-92484-7.) Patricia Hill Collins’s work, Black Feminist Thought seeks to center Black Women into intersectionalist thought, addressing the power struggles thatRead MoreConflicting Paradigms On Gender And Sexuality1453 Words   |  6 Pagessexuality. The Feminist Theory plays a big role in sexuality in rap music, arguing that the representation of black ladies along with sexuality are what represents modern day â€Å"resurrections† of historically constructed images. A big feminist theory activist, Patricia Hill Collins, proved how European thought and the political economy of slavery, race, and labor relations in America has aided in control of black woman sexuality along with fertility in way that created stereotypes for black woman. In aRead MoreStudy Guide Hum 325 Essay1465 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to Patricia Hill Collins in â€Å"The Power of Self-Definition,† creating a safe space is important part of empowerment because: In â€Å"The Power of Self-Definition,† Patricia Hill Collins stresses that self-reliance, self-knowledge, and self-valuation are necessary to empower Black women to create their own self-definitions. According to Patricia Hill Collins, what are â€Å"controlling images†? Patricia Hill Collins defines â€Å"self-valuation† as: When professor Asbell showed the class theRead MoreA Manifesto Of Black Womanhood And Freedom Through Music Essay1764 Words   |  8 PagesAleisha P. Williams COM 673 12/09/2016 A Manifesto of Black Womanhood and Freedom through Music Introduction We teach girls to shrink themselves, to make themselves smaller. We say to girls, you can have ambition, but not too much. You should aim to be successful, but not too successful. Otherwise, you would threaten the man †¦We teach girls that they cannot be sexual beings in the way boys are. Feminist: a person who believes in the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes (AdichieRead MoreRacism And African American Women Essay1543 Words   |  7 Pagesand being African-American. Through an analysis of the popular African-American sitcom, A Different World, one can see how racism, particularly the concept of controlling images, shapes the reality of African-American women. In an analysis of controlling images of African-American women, it is vital to consider the black feminist thought movement. Dr. Rupe Simms explains that this theory â€Å"†¦consists of a body of knowledge based on the life experience of Black women that interprets their reality, definesRead MoreDr. Patricia Hill Collins3645 Words   |  15 PagesAbstract: Dr. Patricia Hill Collins made significant contributions to the world of academia with her teaching, philosophies, and publications within the subject of Sociology and in the context of social equality. This writing is geared toward the forwarding of her ideas. It is constructed in three main parts. First a brief background history is plied to how she conducted her work. Then, there is an assessment and evaluation of some of her notable works. Finally, a review of how her work was receivedRead MoreBlack Feminism s Speech At The Ohio Women s Rights Convention Essay1442 Words   |  6 Pagesrelevant messages that feminist everywhere can follow behind. Feminism is simply the advocacy of equality of sexes social, political, and economic, but until this can happen you have to address race and class oppression among other inequalities. This is the reason why the idea of black feminism was introduced. Coined by Kimberlà © Crenshaw in 1989, black feminism argues that the experience of bein g a black woman cannot be understood in terms of being black or of being a woman. Black feminism became popularRead MoreEssay about African American Male Feminist2019 Words   |  9 PagesAmerican male feminist is a relatively new concept that is rapidly growing. Alexander Crummell, who was an advocate of black feminism stated, â€Å"For, humble and benighted as she is, the black woman of the South is one of the queens of womanhood. If there is any other woman on this earth who in native aboriginal qualities is her superior, I know not where she is to be found.† Before I discuss the importance, relevance and substance of what it is to be not only a successful male feminist but a universally

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Supply Chain Management HG Metals Manufacturing Limited

Question: Describe about the Report for Supply Chain Management of HG Metals Manufacturing Limited. Answer: Introduction HG Metals Manufacturing Limited is a manufacturer of Steel Products. HG Metals is a Singapore based Company. MR. Ching Chiat Kwong is the chairman of the company and MR. Foo Sevliang is the Executive Director of the company. HG Metals provides a large variety of steel products manufactured in various shapes and sizes used in different fields. Today, the HG Metals is growing so fast which lead to a large number of customers added to the company. The products which are being produced by the company are used in various fields and engineering applications. Companys business is divided into three different parts or we can say into three different sections, which are HG Construction Steel, HG Industrial Steel Services, and the third one is HG Distribution. On 21 of March, 2002 the company was listed in Singapore Exchanges former junior board, SESDAQ and then further in 2004, it was upgraded to the Mainboard. Some of the various projects done by the company are Wak Hassan Project, T2 silo in Jurong Port, Downtown Line 3 C933 MRT etc. Company has a vast network across the world and it includes steel mills in various Eastern European countries. Headquarter of the company is in Singapore (Bloomberg Markets, 2015). The company provides nearly about 3000 products for a wide range of tasks. Products of the company are divided into various categories like Angles, Beams, Caging, Channels, Chequered Plates, Circular section, Cold Rolled Steel, Cut Bend, Electro Galvanised Steel, Flat Bars etc. which are further available in different specifications, sizes, thickness and lengths. The company provides various types of services under the three different platforms which are HG Construction steel, HG Distribution and HG industrial Steel Services. Therefore HG Metal is the largest steel stockist and manufacturer in Singapore. The Purpose of this report is to analyze the Supply Chain Management of the company. The main task behind the process is to observe the making process of the particular product and the supply chain forecasting and by applying the concepts as found in the supply chain process, the improvements and the modifications have to be done. As we know that if a company wants to achieve their goals, than it has to do a strategy and to work hard on their plans, so that they can complete all the requirements of their customers. Supply chain management manages the complete task of the product, i.e. from the manufacturing to the consumer each and every step comes under this management. According to the supply chain management, the product moves step by step, i.e. Suppliers (Manufacturer) sends the product to the whole seller and further, the whole seller delivers it to retailers and from retailers, it reaches to the consumers. The main motive to follow the supply chain management is that it lowers the risk of the shortage of the products in the market at the time of their requirement. The Key Flows in Supply Chain An example of the Supply Chain Management is shown below with the help of a diagram (Business Case Studies LLP, 2015) The above diagram shows that first of all, the raw material is collected by the manufacturer company for manufacturing the products. Then, the distribution step is shown which tells us that after the production of the product, the manufacturer supplies it to the whole sellers, retailers and further to the customer . Supply Chain Management is mainly classified into following Categories:- The Manufacturing Process: - As the name specifies that in the make process, the procedure of manufacturing of the product is attained in the particular specifications and manner as per their requirements. In the make process, it is decided that which product is to be manufactured, in which specifications and in which quantity. In HG Metal make process, nearly 2000 types of metal products are being prepared as they have a long range of products and their services like galvanising, cutting, coating and rental of plates and beams. A major part of developing process is the production of ship plates, bars, beams, pipes, etc. For the production of the products, company covers an area approximately of 800,000 sq. ft. including a huge network of suppliers consisting of various countries like China, Japan, Korea, Russia and many other Eastern European Countries. The company is having storage capacity of 200,000 tonnes. The Product Flow: - In the product flow step, the flow of the product comes into consideration, i.e. in this step, the supplier supplies the product to the whole seller and further it is supplied to the retailers and then from a retailer the product reaches to the consumers (Wagner). This is the only step in which the customer returns are also considered and the various services are being provided to them. For the year 2015, the product flow of the HG Metal was according to the mentioned below: - Plates/ Ship plates 19% Bars 30% Beams 18% Pipes 2% Others 31% The Information Flow: - (Handfield, 2011) In this step, the information related to the product and the information of the customer is maintained to which that product belongs to. In this step, the status of the product is kept updated that when the product is out for the delivery, where the product has reached, by which transport or carrier the product is being carried and finally when the product will be delivered to the consumer. The HG Metal information process is having an international network of suppliers and consumers (Singapore Exchange Limited, 2016). The company main motive is to make good quality of products and the company deals directly with the customers, those who are having bulk requirements of their product or the customers those who are having any manufacturing projects on a large scale. The Cash Flow: - In this step, the payment process is being done. This step consists of the documents of the product to which it belongs. Further in this step, the consumer of the product pays the payment to the manufacturer. Therefore, we can say that this is the only phase in which title ownership details are maintained. HG Metals, is having a good cash position, i.e. nearly S$50.5 million on 31 December 2015. This good cash position shows a bright future for the company to carry their business. For the Year 2015 below is the data: - Operating cash flow of the company 1.67 Cash Flow from investing 2.49 Free Cash Flow 4.16 The Return Flow: - (ListedCompany.com, 2015) In the return flow step, if sometimes when the customer is not satisfied with the product delivered to them or we can say if the consumer is facing some sort of problem with the product, than according to the return policies of the company, the consumer can return that product to the company and the company returns the payment to the consumer as per the rules as regulations (Rouse, 2010). Returns are not considered to be good for a successful company, because it leaves a bad impact on the customers mind as the customer is not satisfied with their product and it furthers leaves a bad impact for the company, if it is not taken seriously. The Make Process SESDAQ is the Singapore Exchange former junior board on which the HG Metal was listed on 21 March 2002 and it was upgraded to the Mainboard in year 2004. The Make Process of the company includes various steps like they have to study the manufacturing engineering discipline, then the next step is metal processing and manufacturing. In present time, we know that a large variety of material is available. The company has attained, the process of converting raw materials into finished parts or we can say the semi-finished materials into finished ones. The company has a large range of metals, plastics and other composite material. Therefore, it is difficult for the company to select the best material for manufacturing their products. Various types of materials used in manufacturing are Iron, Aluminium, Copper, Zinc, Lead, Nickel, Magnesium, Tin, Titanium, Polymers, etc. Solidification of the metal and the casting of that metal is also a part of the making process. After this, manufacturing process occurs which is mainly classified into two categories or we can say into two processes i.e. Primary Secondary Process. In the primary process, the raw material is converted into metallic materials and in the secondary process, metallic material is converted into the final product (SIM Professional Development, 2015). The manufacturing process in which the raw material is passed through both the phases, i.e. primary and secondary phase is processed with the help of blast furnaces. The making process is possible or we can say that the complete make process depends upon various techniques used by the metal company. Some of the various techniques are as mentioned below:- Blast Furnace Technique Open Hearth steel converter etc. Material Requirement Planning is also a part of the Make Process. Material Requirement planning is a technique which helps the company to calculate the requirements of the material which further helps to meet the requirements of the consumers. Material requirement planning depends upon some tasks which determines what material should be ordered and when to order. It helps in deciding the quantity of material required for that particular instance of time. The structure of the product or the information regarding the structure of the product can be attained from the bill of material. Therefore, we can say that the main objective or the main motive of the material requirement planning is to get the right thing at the right place at the right time. Generic model for the implementation of the material requirement planning is to set a time boundary for implementing the MRP. Cost is specified in terms of the percentage of the total effort and representing manpower. The Supply Chain Forecasting The forecasting method is important for a company for evaluating the performance metrics for future use in a systematic way. Most of the companies are not having the trained staff in the business cycles or in business based model. Due to lack of performances and the techniques used, a mismatch occurs between the demand of the product and the availability of that product which results in the overstocked and understocked items. After the items got overstocked, to decrease the number of overstocked items, these items have to be sold at discounted prices which results in the wastage of capacity and cost of the various resources used in the production of those items. The forecasting method is very important to the company because it helps in making good managerial decisions for the development of the products as well as making the decisions regarding service, design related to that product. It helps in less overstocking of the items which lowers the wastage of the raw material used in the production of the products. By using the forecasting method, a company can increase its supply performance (Waterloo, 2016). The company further provides effective customer services in almost all the fields. Forecasting analysis helps the company to analyze the best techniques which are easy for applying to the various products effectively. Qualitative forecasting technique This forecasting is mainly used when the data collected is not sufficient or no longer relevant. Common types of qualitative technique include sales force, personal insight. Quantitative forecasting technique In this forecasting technique, the study is done on the history of the demand of that item to make the plans for the future productions and sale of that item. Graphical forecasting method Graphical method is the one in which the visual information is used to predict the sales. Trend and patterns involve plotting information of the product in a graphical form. The importance of the forecasting is thatit attains a huge data for a particular product, which helps a company with operations related to the products. Forecasting is an imperfect science, but on the other hand, it is necessary for almost all the companies. Proper forecasting helps to ensure a company to have enough supply on hand to satisfy demand. HG Metal uses the forecasting techniques to coordinate the demands of their products in the market. Companies like HG metal uses sophisticated software systems to forecast the demand for their product by the consumers (Christopher, 2011). If a good forecasting technique is not being used by the company, than it leads to increase the company labor and storage costs. If a company supplies perishable goods than a company might incur a loss due to deterioration of unsold inventory, which further tends to decrease the sale of the company, thus the income of the company decreases too. Forecasting is the only key to better supply chain performa nce. Models of forecasting vary from company to company. The models of forecasting are automatic and user specified forecasting models, time trend models, data transformation customized models and the greatest strength of the time series forecasting is that it provides a wide range of forecasting methods depending on which a company can construct an appropriate supply chain forecasting. Conclusion Supply Chain management is the most exciting as well as an important part of the study. Supply Chain Management in the specialist companies is able to increase the growth of business globally in a large amount of money, time and effort by creating a great and effective Supply chain management (Mangan, Chandra, Butcher, 2011). But, the value for money is not only a result of high quality designs or engineering, also is an effect of lean production. Supply Chain Management is responsible for the success of any manufacturer. This managements helps the company in selecting the best quality raw materials for the production of a large variety of products. An effective management is effective to avoid the shortage of the material, misplacements, loss of productivity, which may further affect the cost, time, labor etc. invested in the production. The research presented in this document aimed at designing an integrated approach for the manufacturer. An integrated approach for material gives a right and good decisions on what to order, how much to order and where to deliver. A fully integrated approach helps in providing a better communication and minimizes the gap too in the Information flow among all the parties, departments and consumers involved. Some important facts about the supply chain management are as mentioned below: - Supply Chain Management provides directions for the future research of the company. It helps in expanding the framework to include the various factors in the material management process. It provides the important recommendations for the benefits of the company. Therefore, the supply chain management provides an effective planning to keep costs to minimum and to ensure the consumers that the material is on site when and where it is required. Thus, the Supply Chain Management helps to ensure the availability of the products on time while providing the services to the consumers. Bibliography Bloomberg Markets. (2015, October 11). HG Metals. Retrieved from https://www.bloomberg.com: https://www.bloomberg.com/quote/HGM:SP Business Case Studies LLP. (2015, August 3). Business Case Studies Teaching business studies by example. Retrieved from https://businesscasestudies.co.uk/: https://businesscasestudies.co.uk/#axzz4GSInbKDQ Christopher, M. (2011). Logistics Supply Chain (Fourth ed.). Prentice Hall. Retrieved from https://ekool.tktk.ee/pluginfile.php/85964/mod_resource/content/1/062%20Christopher%20-%20Logistics%20and%20Supply%20Chain%20Management%20%282011%29.pdf Handfield, R. (2011, January 01). What is Supply Chain Management? Retrieved from https://scm.ncsu.edu: https://scm.ncsu.edu/scm-articles/article/what-is-supply-chain-management ListedCompany.com. (2015, August 1). Announcement Results: HG metals 2014-2015. Retrieved from https://hgmetal.listedcompany.com/: https://hgmetal.listedcompany.com/newsroom.html Mangan, J., Chandra, L., Butcher, T. (2011). Global Logistics and Supply Chain Management, 2e (Vol. II). Wiley Instructor Companion . Retrieved from https://as.wiley.com/: https://as.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-EHEP002733.html Rouse, M. (2010). Supply chain management (SCM). (T. Taregt, Editor) Retrieved from https://searchmanufacturingerp.techtarget.com/: https://searchmanufacturingerp.techtarget.com/definition/supply-chain-managementhttps://searchmanufacturingerp.techtarget.com/definition/supply-chain-management SIM Professional Development. (2015, January 7). Supply Chain Program Highlights. Retrieved from pd.sim.edu: https://pd.sim.edu.sg/ Singapore Exchange Limited. (2016). Retrieved August 4, 2016, from https://infopub.sgx.com/ https://infopub.sgx.com/Apps?A=Cow_CorporateInformation_ContentB=CorporateInfoAllInOneF=1J26 Wagner, N. (n.d.). Small Business Ideas for a Salvage Yard. (studioD, Editor) Retrieved from https://smallbusiness.chron.com/: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/small-business-ideas-salvage-yard-62058.html Waterloo, U. o. (2016). Social Media for Business Performance. Centre for Extended Learning. Retrieved from https://professional.uwaterloo.ca/Social-Media-Business-Performance-Certificate-Online

Popular Culture and Cultural Capital free essay sample

One problem in analyzing a type of youth culture is measuring the extent to witch it is a response to a culture deliberately manufactured for marketing and consumption of cultural products. Would say to some extent all subcultures consume part of popular culture, but it does vary from which culture a person is apart of, E. G you can look at the Goth type of culture and think it not to be very commercialese at all. But I would argue differently, cause Goth is one of the most commercialese types of culture in the world. The Director Tim Burton makes huge blockbuster films that have been filmed in a gothic style. So why is Goth not popular culture? The Hip Hop culture was discovered in 1 asss America, It involved a very unique form of dancing called break dancing, and was based on the genre of music called Hip Hop.Most people would argue that Hip Hop became commercial when the Sugar Hill Gang released a single called Rappers Delight, but I would argue that the Hip Hop style of clothing consisted of high street clothing, which in a way made he subculture commercial even when it was deemed not to be. We will write a custom essay sample on Popular Culture and Cultural Capital or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page My argument is that all of the subcultures we have are commercial but within the subcultures there is a sense of resistance towards commercialisms. The types of subcultures in Britain today are vast in quantity. You can look around on a busy weekend shopping and see lots of different styles of clothing, and lots of different tastes of music and attitudes towards life in one city. Subculture can be dated back to the 1 asss, where people were first frightened of the Teddy boy look. The public then became swamped with what they thought were bizarre street styles. There came the Moods and Rockers in the sasss, then in the 1 sass came the skinheads and punks.These sub cultural groups were a product of a modern global zing world, In that the look of moods was based on an Italian look of suits and scooters. These subcultures were considered to be resistance of the norm, where youths would try to look different to be different. Within these subcultures there are differences between them. For example Moods and rockers were separated by their tastes in music, as a result of this there are sometimes ritual fights that have outraged Straight society like shopkeepers, the police, searchers and most importantly the media.Today though society is more accepting of these subcultures in and around where they live. It has in a way become part of culture. This maybe because the old school Deeds, Punks and Rockers have grown up, had children and they are now taking the same course but with a different subculture. But how have subcultures been labeled with distinct features, how have they generally been stereotyped by so many people as types of hooligan groups.Today we have a mix of the new breed of sub culture and the old school types of subculture. To name a few that I have noticed are Moshers, so called cause of there love of rock music and the way they moss to it, they also tend to wear baggy clothes and do sports like skateboarding. Indy boys, so called because of there love of Indy music. Indy boys tend to wear the type of clothes that Noel Gallagher wears and they tend to like the main types of popular sport, like football and rugby.Moshers and Indy boys fight mainly because of their differences in clothing and music, they prefer not to moss. And the chap, the chap is the most interesting of the nevus breed of subcultures and the most heavily commercialese, the clothes a chap wears and the music he chap listens to is extremely commercial, the clothing the chap is most commonly associated with is Barberry, which on the news recently has been linked with a clothing worn by football hooligans.People have picked up on these subcultures in fashion, TV and newspapers etc. And as such have tried to cater for their needs in order to make a profit. Fashion shows dedicated to a popular twist on these groups styles. E. G remember seeing a fashion show that Was showing a type Of fashion based on the types of clothes that punks wear. But the models on the cat walk were all good looking with rips in clothes that were fit to measure and the safety pin that went through one of the models eyebrows was made of gold.Through that example you can see the difference between the commercial punk and the punk. Subcultures also have a relationship to the overall dominant culture which, because of its pervasiveness, in particular its transmission through the mass media, is unavoidable. We can therefore distinguish a subculture, for example that of the hippies, which has connections with, but is distinct from due to its deviant lifestyle, the progressive middle class culture.The hippy subculture also has connections with the bohemian tradition of the artistic avian-garden, but its use of illegal drugs, and its value of instant hedonism means it has connections with other urban, more delinquent subcultures. In this quote Brake argues that the hippie culture has connections with the progressive middle class culture, but it is distinct from due to its connections with a deviant life style of taking illegal drugs and the pursuit of pleasure.Firth (1978) also argues that the middle class children are interested in the alternative values expressed in the lyrics of rock music. Think that people ho are borne in to a middle class environment have more options of culture available to them and they can afford to experiment with different cultures. As such they will buy the music of that culture and buy the clothes of that culture. This is a very shallow way Of experimenting with culture because one of the main elements I feel of a sub culture is that it is not standardized.You buy the single of a rock group because you belong to the culture that follows rock music, you would be funding the label that produces that music. And the music industry has been totally standardized; it is hard to find ba nds on the helves of record stores that are produced by a small corporation. So you would still be funding the same company that has boy bands and general popular music. Also the example that I gave earlier on the difference between the commercial punk and the punk comes in to play.Because the middle class buys the clothes that they see people on TV wearing who are part of their culture they are apart of, they will only see the commercialese version of that type of clothing, as a result they will tend to go for the easier option and buy the same pair from the high street. It is hard these days to blend in tit a culture without looking the part and the music and fashion industries have noticed this and catered to it, as a result people feel they are out of the norm and are resisting popular culture, when in fact they are apart of it.This can be seen when looking at the music industry today. Only only a few big corporate production companies own the music industry. This has put them in a great position to make as much money as possible when targeting these sub cultures. The audiences tastes are carefully monitored over time by measuring what is selling. By doing this they can measure how much reduction is needed for each genre of music by having reserve musicians on stand by to cater for the needs and tastes of the audience.It is said that subcultures arise from a common ground of experiences that youths share. The sharing of these experiences makes it easier for youths to communicate with each other and thus a collection of people all in the same boat is understandable. This could be the very reason why subcultures can be founded by popular media culture. Liberalizing of media companies on the government I feel plays a big part in why so many different subcultures have been produced over time.If different aspects of the county we live in can be changed by the media then it is bound to affect the way we live. As such, a common ground is formed among people affected by this. Since a characteristic of why subcultures are formed, is that they form because of a shared common ground then a subculture is formed to confront this. So you can see that if the subculture is seen as a rebellion of thing that have happened it is actually happened because of the media industry and has consumed what the media company changed.As for the style of the subculture, it is thought that the subculture is a billion towards the dominant style of clothing off the high street. Elements are drawn from the synthetic manufactured culture of popular music and artifacts, but these are relocated and transformed (fibrillate) (Brake 1980) Brake states that although clothing that is popular and sold on the high street, it does not necessarily mean that it belongs to a popular for Of subculture. Clothing is bought and made to fit the critiques of the subculture to form the desired statement.This can be seen with Levi Straus s jeans. The new subculture of the Mosher that introduced to the beginning of the essay ill buy the jeans and turn them in to a type that is suitable for that subculture by buying jeans that are a size too big for the person and will make tares where the knees are, this changes the perspective of what the jeans represent. So even though the person is apart of a subculture, that does not necessarily mean that they do not buy non-popular products.It has been argued that what ultimately defines cultural capital as capital is its Convertibility in to cultural capital (Graham and Williams 1 986) There are three main Popes of capital, cultural, economic and social. What I want to look t is the relationship between economic capital and cultural capital in subcultures. Cultural capital of subcultures refers to someones knowledge of the subculture, normally accumulated through upbringing and education. Sub cultural capital is defined by what Sarah Thornton (1995) refers to as hip news which slang voc abulary is above all a sign of aristocratic distinctiveness.Thornton also refers to what objectifies subculture capital by using examples like fashionable haircuts and record collections which would be apart of the subculture. Sub cultural capital is embodied in the form of being in the know y using slang and looking the part of the subculture. But this can not be over used as it look like your trying too hard. The media play a role in governing the circulation of the subculture because it acts as a network of cultural knowledge that distributes and in ways defines the subculture.So to be apart of the subculture people with economic capital would get the haircut, buy the records and buy the relevant news updates to be Din the know about the subculture. Thus weather you are apart of Cultural capital or economic capital you would still be buying in to a common form of popular products. This can be seen when you look in to how you can make a living from having a strong cultural capital of Din the know information on subcultures. Dads, club organizers, clothes designers, music and style journalists and record industry professionals all make a living from sub cultural capital. They do this by defining the subculture and creating. Economic capital rewards sub cultural capital. Music is a strong defining aspect of what sort of culture or subculture you belong to. Weather it be popular Goth, Punk, dance or any of the others they all have their own types of music. Gender plays a big part in what music gets played. Girls on average spend more of their time working at school, boys on average spend more time and money on leisure time activities like going out, listening to records and reading music magazines.Girls generally have a greater taste in pop music than boys and will often defend their tastes in pop music and acknowledge their low sub cultural status. Thus people are apart Of a subculture, they dress the part and generally look the part, but they do consume in to the popular culture, weather it be directly (buying pop music) r indirectly (buying a rock magazine that is owned by the same company that distributes a pop magazine) you are still consuming in to popular culture.

Facts about the Importance of Graphene

Facts about the Importance of Graphene Graphene is a two-dimensional honeycomb arrangement of carbon atoms that is revolutionizing technology. Its discovery was so significant that it earned Russian scientists Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov 2010 Nobel Prize in Physics. Here are some reasons why graphene is important. It Is a Two-Dimensional Material. Nearly every material that we encounter is three-dimensional. We are only just beginning to understand how the properties of a material are changed when it is made into a two-dimensional array. The characteristics of graphene are very different from those of graphite, which is the corresponding three-dimensional arrangement of carbon. Studying graphene helps us to predict how other materials might behave in two-dimensional form. Graphene Has the Best Electrical Conductivity of Any Material. Electricity flows very quickly through the simple honeycomb sheet. Most conductors we encounter are metals, yet graphene is based on carbon, a nonmetal. This allows for the  development of electricity to flow under conditions where we might not want a metal. What conditions would those be? We are only just beginning to answer that question! Graphene Can Be Used to Make Very Small Devices. Graphene conducts so much electricity in so small a space that it may be used to develop miniaturized super-fast computers and transistors. These devices should require a minuscule amount of power to support them. Graphene is flexible, strong and transparent, too. Opens Research into Relativistic Quantum Mechanics. Graphene can be used to test the predictions of quantum electrodynamics. This is a new area of research  since it hasnt been easy to find a material that displays Dirac particles. The best part is, graphene isnt some exotic material. Its something anyone can make! Graphene Facts The word graphene refers to a single-layer sheet of hexagonally-arranged carbon atoms. If the graphene is in another arrangement, its usually specified. For example, bilayer graphene and multilayer graphene are other forms the material can take.Just like diamond or graphite, graphene is an allotrope of carbon. Specifically, it is made of  sp2 bonded carbon atoms that have a molecule bond length of 0.142 nm between atoms.Three of graphenes most useful properties are that it is extremely strong (100 to 300 times stronger than steel), its conductive (best-known conductor of heat at room temperature, with an electrical current density 6 order of magnitude higher than copper), and its flexible.Graphene is the thinnest and lightest material known. A 1-square-meter sheet of graphene weighs a mere 0.0077 grams, yet is capable of supporting up to four kilograms of weight.A sheet of graphene is naturally transparent. Potential Uses of Graphene Scientists are only just beginning to explore the many possible uses of graphene. Some of the technology under development includes: Ultra-fast charging of batteries.Collection of radioactive waste for easier clean-up.Faster flash memory.Stronger and better-balanced tools and sporting equipment, such as  tennis racquets.Ultra-thin touchscreens  that can be pasted onto a non-breakable material.Graphene-based e-paper that can update with new information.Quick and efficient biosensor devices 200, to measure blood glucose, cholesterol, and possibly your DNAHeadphones with  phenomenal frequency response.Supercapacitors  that essentially make batteries obsolete.Novel waterproof coatings.Bendable batteries.Stronger and lighter aircraft and armor.Aiding tissue regeneration.Purifying salt water into drinking water.Bionic devices that can connect directly to your bodys neurons.

Fault Creep of Active Faults - Overview

Fault Creep of Active Faults - Overview Fault creep is the name for the slow, constant slippage that can occur on some active faults without there being an earthquake. When people learn about it, they often wonder if fault creep can defuse future earthquakes, or make them smaller. The answer is probably not, and this article explains why. Terms of Creep In geology, creep is used to describe any movement that involves a steady, gradual change in shape. Soil creep is the name for the gentlest form of landsliding. Deformation creep takes place within mineral grains as rocks become warped and folded. Fault creep, also called aseismic creep, happens at the Earths surface on a small fraction of faults. Creeping behavior happens on all kinds of faults, but its most obvious and easiest to visualize on strike-slip faults, which are vertical cracks whose opposite sides move sideways with respect to each other. Presumably, it happens on the enormous subduction-related faults that give rise to the largest earthquakes, but we cant measure those underwater movements well enough yet to tell. The movement of creep, measured in millimeters per year, is slow and constant and ultimately arises from plate tectonics. Tectonic movements exert a force (stress) on the rocks, which respond with a change in shape (strain). Strain and Force on Faults Fault creep arises from the differences in strain behavior at different depths on a fault. Down deep, the rocks on a fault are so hot and soft that the fault faces simply stretch past each other like taffy. That is, the rocks undergo ductile strain, which constantly relieves most of the tectonic stress. Above the ductile zone, rocks change from ductile to brittle. In the brittle zone, stress builds up as the rocks deform elastically, just as if they were giant blocks of rubber. While this is happening, the sides of the fault are locked together. Earthquakes happen when brittle rocks release that elastic strain and snap back to their relaxed, unstrained state. (If you understand earthquakes as elastic strain release in brittle rocks, you have the mind of a geophysicist.) The next ingredient in this picture is the second force that holds the fault locked: pressure generated by the weight of the rocks. The greater this lithostatic pressure, the more strain that the fault can accumulate. Creep in a Nutshell Now we can make sense of fault creep: it happens near the surface where lithostatic pressure is low enough that the fault is not locked. Depending on the balance between locked and unlocked zones, the speed of creep can vary. Careful studies of fault creep, then, can give us hints of where locked zones lie below. From that, we may gain clues about how tectonic strain is building up along a fault, and maybe even win some insight into what kind of earthquakes may be coming. Measuring creep is an intricate art because it occurs near the surface. The many strike-slip faults of California include several that are creeping. These include the Hayward fault in the east side of San Francisco Bay, the Calaveras fault just to the south, the creeping segment of the San Andreas fault in central California, and part of the Garlock fault in southern California. (However, creeping faults are generally rare.) Measurements are made by repeated surveys along lines of permanent marks, which may be as simple as a row of nails in a street pavement or as elaborate as creepmeters emplaced in tunnels. At most locations, creep surges whenever moisture from storms penetrates into the soil in California that means the winter rainy season. Creep's Effect on Earthquakes On the Hayward fault, creep rates are no greater than a few millimeters per year. Even the maximum is just a fraction of the total tectonic movement, and the shallow zones that creep would never collect much strain energy in the first place. Creeping zones there are overwhelmingly outweighed by the size of the locked zone. So if an earthquake that might be expected around every 200 years, on average, occurs a few years later because creep relieves a bit of strain, no one could tell. The creeping segment of the San Andreas fault is unusual. No large earthquakes have ever been recorded on it. Its a part of the fault, about 150 kilometers long, that creeps at around 28 millimeters per year and appears to have only small locked zones if any. Why is a scientific puzzle. Researchers are looking at other factors that may be lubricating the fault here. One factor may be the presence of abundant clay or serpentinite rock along the fault zone. Another factor may be underground water trapped in sediment pores. And just to make things a little more complex, it may be that creep is a temporary thing, limited in time to the early part of the earthquake cycle. Although researchers have long thought that the creeping section may stop large ruptures from spreading across it, recent studies have cast that into doubt. The SAFOD drilling project succeeded in sampling the rock right on the San Andreas fault in its creeping section, at a depth of almost 3 kilometers. When the cores were first unveiled, the presence of serpentinite was obvious. But in the lab, high-pressure tests of the core material showed that it was very weak because of the presence of a clay mineral called saponite. Saponite forms where serpentinite meets and reacts with ordinary sedimentary rocks. Clay is very effective at trapping pore water. So, as often happens in Earth science, everyone seems to be right.

Business Assets, Estate and Wealth Planning Essay

Business Assets, Estate and Wealth Planning - Essay Example Succession planning of the business is an important consideration. Bearing in mind the time it takes, the intricacy, and may be the conflicts that may result. The period during which it occurs along with the transfer issues that arise mandates that it is addressed by the business owner. It is vital as it aids in preparing for a smooth departure, and ensure the business conitnues to run for the the customer’s sake. If the business owner wishes to maintain some mandate over the business, then it is the best way to iron out the plan (Goel, 2009). The strategies through which the owner will protect and insure the business are a consideration that help protect the business properties from loss. The cosideration can be used by the owner to resolve financial issues that come up in the course of running the business. Thrugh the consideration, liquidity for taxes like estate taxes is availed and help in decreasing debts. Debts are reduced through the provision of cash flow needed to uphold the business regime (Mentz, 2009). Many business owners fail to outline their stock choice and rules. Hence, in the course of running the business, when they need funds, say to fund vested choices, their selections are limited. Thus, the stock choice planning is a consideration that a business owner should regard. It helps in the execution of ways to create cash and diversify the business fund source (Goel, 2009). A catalogue of account titles harmonized against the transfer strategies is a consideration that aids in planning for the business owner while living and at death. If a business has an improper titling of properties, it may hnder the utilization of trusts, which can avail substantial tax remunerations. Hence, the catalogue is a consideration that cannot be assumed as it helps the business to evade probate and makes sure the business possessions are awarded to the

Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Economics - Essay Example (Simpson, et al., 1) The Federal Reserve System is made up of twelve regional banks located in San Francisco, Dallas, Kansas City, Minneapolis, Chicago, St. Louis, Atlanta, Cleveland, Richmond, Philadelphia, New York, and Boston. Private banks own stock in the twelve regional banks, this is what funds the twelve Federal Reserve Regional banks. The twelve regional banks are made up of regions listed below: Another component of the Federal Reserve System is the Federal Reserve Board of Governors. The Federal Reserve Board of Governors is appointed by the President of the United States of America, but confirmed by the Senate. The seven member board serves can only serve a maximum of fourteen years, with a member serving one term at time of two years. The only exception is the Chairman of the Board and the Vice Chairman, who serve four year terms. However, the fourteen year limit also applies to them. The only way a board member can be removed is by the president for cause. The current board members are Ben S. Benmanke, Chairman, Donald L. Kohn, Vice Chairman, Susan Schmidt Bies, Kevin M. Warsh, Randall S. Krosnzer, and Frederic S. Mishkin (The Federal Reserve Board). This Board of Governors is an independent governmental agency. They oversee the twelve regional banks, plus the numerous private banks owning stock in the regional reserve banks. The Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) is a committee made up of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, the Federal Reserve Board of Governors, plus four other Federal Reserve Regional Bank presidents that serve on a alternate schedule. This committee reviews the open market. The open market being the buying and selling of government securities. This way the committee can determine monetary and credit conditions. The FOMC also oversees the foreign currency exchange rate. The FOMC is extremely important part of the Federal Reserve System,

House Bunny Movie Review Essay Example for Free

House Bunny Movie Review Essay In the film House Bunny, a 27-year-old girl, Shelley Darlingson, played by Anna Farris, finds herself tricked out of the Playboy Mansion by another bunny for being too old. Shelley winds up at the University of Southern California and becomes the house mother in a very poorly kept sorority house, Zeta Tau Alpha, consisting of six socially awkward girls. After gaining the girls’ trust by showing them she is nice and can attract boys, she does her best to turn the ZTA girls around to be popular beautiful young ladies who are ‘better’ than the other sorority girls. However, the changing of personalities goes too far and the girls realize they’ve changed for the wrong reasons and begin to judge everyone. During the time Shelley is being blamed, she receives a call about how ‘being too old’ was a lie to get rid of her. When expecting Shelley to immediately drop everything and return to the Mansion, she decides to stay the hose mother of the Zetas. Using this movie I plan on analyzing the movie through different scenes of the typical activities of the sorority girls on campus and comparing them to how college life is today and what could be done differently. Throughout House Bunny, a constant rival goes on between Phi Iota Mu and Zeta Tau Alpha. When Zeta, a now popular sorority, throws a mixer party the same night as popular PIM, all of the girls going through rush and all of the fraternity boys enjoy their evening at Zeta instead of PIM. Girls are initiated at the party through ‘sacrificial rights’ because they still have their virginity, music is played for everyone to dance to, and everyone enjoys their nights. These girls are focused on looking good now and being popular. Girls are very similar but a little different today. In today’s society in the typical college experience, girls are not initiated in this way and girls do not throw the parties. The girls, instead of throwing their own parties, get all dressed up and head out to other fraternities to listen to music, drink and get together with different guys. Several girls nowadays waste their time and throw away their good morals every weekend, when they coul d be choosing better alternatives such as a staying in for the weekend or at least one night and study or relax with some friends. Time management and studying are two of the hardest strategies to master as a college student. Unfortunately when we have free time we cling to more fun activities at all times and then get caught up later when it is the last possible second to do homework and we realize we should have been working on homework rather than partying. Studying is not the most fun activity nor does it sound better than going out with friends to drink or participate in crazy college activities; however, everyone has to do it eventually and it would just be easier if you studied a little every free moment and then you would have more free time later. You would be more successful if you thought about every possible outcome of each choice clearly before doing anything. In the movie, after the Zeta girls become popular and look prettier, thanks to Shelley, they set up a tent at the involvement fair. All of the students rush towards their tent because they have food, games, and calendars of the girls looking t heir best. The Zetas are getting more involved around the campus, as students should, but through popularity not service. From this popularity the Zetas go downhill from there and turn into the popular rude crowd to those who do not ‘belong.’ The Zeta’s stopped being who they were before Shelley became the house mother, the smart, nerdy, different crowd, and became the jerks who judged people off appearances. When trying to decide on bids for their house, they talked about how they had seen one of the girls before and thought they were weird and shouldn’t be allowed in their house. The Zeta’s stopped focusing on academics and their true personalities and tried to change for the ‘better’ when it was clearly for the worse. Involvement is a key to surviving in college. You should get involved to make new friends, find others like yourself, develop study groups, and stress-reliever outlet clubs. However, when you try to be involved with the rest of the campus through primarily popularity and parties, you are getting ‘involved’ in all of the wrong ways. Instead of changing to be the popular crowd by looking hot and becoming a preppy jerk to ‘fit in,’ just express yourself more and get out in the real world to try and make more meaningful friendships that could last a lifetime. If people could be more accepting and friendly instead of being quick to judge, everyone would have more friends and the world would be a better place. Acceptance is one of the biggest problems especially at a college where if you aren’t accepted you just hide from everyone and get discouraged. Everyone as a whole should work to be more accepting of others for who they are. I am not saying everyone has to like everyone else, but I am saying at least give everyone else a chance to shine and join the group. When a smart nerdy group of socially unaccepted girls get a new playhouse bunny house mother they turn into a stereotypical group of rude sorority girls who just want everyone to be in their house so they can be more popular as long as they are ‘normal.’ If people took the time to accept everyone and give everyone a chance, people would have more friends and not be as nervous to try to make new friends. Getting involved on campus is smart as long as you are getting involved in the right ways with the right group of people so you can make a difference in your community. Getting involved also has advantages, because it can help manage time and studying habits or even study groups. Involvement in the college community is smart so good grades can be attained, meaning better opportunities later. Managing your time and taking the time to study receives full benefits later, as well. College is not easy, especially when coming in as a freshman new to the whole idea of college. However, college can be enjoyed and mastered if you try to get involved, study more, accepts more people for who they are, and manage your time to the best of your ability. Works Cited The House Bunny. Dir. Fred Wolf. By Karen M. Lutz and Kirsten Smith. Perf. Anna Faris, Colin Hanks, Emma Stone, Kat Dennings, Hugh Hefner, and Tyson Ritter. Columbia Pictures, 2008. DVD.

The Presidency of F.D. Roosevelt :: American America History

The Presidency of F.D. Roosevelt In the ancient world, the only way a person could become famous through out the world was to be some sort of king, master warlord, or a descendent of a holy entity. Monarchies, that lasted long enough, kept the memories of their former leaders alive, conquered peoples never forgot the names of their conquerors, and religions have a knack for constantly worshiping the same divine prophets. Some remain of the ancient celebrities are still famous to this day, many of them now shrouded in the mists of time and have become slightly warped by literature and business. For example, the charitable St. Nicholas, warped by language translations and commercialism, is now a large gift giving elf by the name of Santa Claus. But in this day and age, where anyone can record anything he or she wants to, will any of the present day lords and prophets shine as brightly through the shroud of mythology and time as the ones of old? In 500 years - providing anyone is still alive to care - a few men and women will stand out against the haze of time and represent the twentieth century. If there is a group, among them will be at least man involved in World War II. Roosevelt, Churchill, Tojo and Hitler -especially Hitler - are all candidates for the group because of their involvements in the bloodiest wars of the twentieth century. In this world,blood is a hard thing to forget about. Which ones, and in what light they'll be remembered in depends entirely on the biases of historians and the abilities of governments to cover up the embarrassing moments blemishing the memories of their leaders. So if the United States is still around and as powerful as now in five centuries - and hopefully it will - F.D Roosevelt will most likely be one of the mist breakers from the second world war because of the American people's great interest in the presidents involved in wars and the governments talent for hiding less than flattering information from the world. Roosevelt's involvement in the great World War II allows him to fit , comfortably, the U.S standard of fighting presidents. Entering the war on the side of the Allies after a sneak attack by Japan on Pearl Harbor, Roosevelt became a kind of vengeful hero, fighting the good fight in the name of justice. In so doing he ended an economic slump by gearing the

Symbolism in Flannery O’Connor’s “Revelation”

Flannery O’Connor belongs to the school of writing called American Southern Gothic. Her fiction revolves around people from the South and the volatile relationships fermenting in their society. The significance of being a writer from the American South has something to do with the immediate context from which the stories are written. The extent of slavery and racial prejudice in the South presents Southern writers with subject matter ranging from racism to moral decay (Wood 1) Apart from being rooted in what is considered a backwater, Bible-fundamentalist society, O’Connor’s staunch faith in Roman Catholicism also plays a part in her fiction. Many of her works have been read with symbolism of spiritual realities. Martin asserts that the symbolic nature of her work comes from the plausibility of her characters’ action or the circumstances in which they find themselves, and the metaphysical meaning these actions or circumstances take (137). To O’Connor, however, her fiction is not symbolic but sacramental in that the actions, which are often violent, are seen to be intrusions of God’s grace into the physical world (Revel). The ability of O’Connor to translate abstract matters such as good, evil, grace, and redemption into a concrete, mundane, and very real scenario infuses her fiction with rich symbolism. The effective use of symbol is demonstrated in the short story Revelation. Like most of her stories, Revelation is set in the South, in a little town where ordinary folks live. It is a world familiar to O’Connor, having been brought up in Georgia. The protagonist in the story is Ruby Turpin, a stocky woman who has a penchant for thinking about people in relation to her own sense of righteousness. Along with her husband, Mrs.Turpin is found at the beginning of the story in a clinic waiting room in which she joined several people. Immediately, she surveyed the room and sized them up according to her own sets of labels: a white trash woman, a fat, ugly teenager, a pleasant woman, and ordinary-looking folks. Not long after, she strikes a conversation with the pleasant woman who turns out to be the mother of the ugly girl. They talk about how important it is to observe propriety and maintain a positive outlook even when they have to deal with â€Å"niggers. † They then share sentiment about being thankful for whatever God has given them. All this time, the ugly girl named Mary Grace is smirking, obviously irritated and furious at the conversation of the two women. The white trash woman, on the other hand, tries to join the conversation by sharing comments which only showed her ignorance. At that point, Mrs. Turpin exclaims, out of a sudden burst of joy, how thankful she is to Jesus that He made things just the way they are, and that she was not somebody else. Then, without warning, Mary Grace throws a book to Mrs. Turpin’s face and lunges at her with her hands strangling the stout woman’s neck. Appalled by the violent act, Mrs. Turpin demands the ugly girl to explain herself, and with contempt, Mary Grace commands her to return to hell. Mrs. Turpin takes the incident to be a revelation from God. In her exasperation for not understanding why God would condemn a virtuous woman like her, she demands God for an explanation. All at once, a strange light reveals to her a vision in which all sorts of abominable people are leading a march to heaven with people like her trailing behind. One of the recurring references in the story is the eye. The title itself, Revelation, gives clue as to how eyesight will play out in the entire story. Revelation involves exposing something into view, and in the story, Mrs. Turpin realized the prejudice she hides beneath the courteous demeanor. Through O’Connor’s sleight of hand, Mrs. Turpin’s epiphany gains resonance throughout the story precisely because of the symbols which O’Connor employed. In Writing Short Stories, O’Connor says that a particular object or action becomes symbolic when it accumulates meaning from the beginning of the story until it reaches the denouement (O’Connor 1546). At the onset of the story, O’Connor directs the reader’s attention to the physical appearance of Mrs. Turpin, most significantly to her eye. Her little bright black eyes took in all the patients as she sized up the seating situation† (O’Connor 818). It was through the appearances of people she sees in the waiting room that Mrs. Turpin judges whether they are agreeable or not. It was also through her eyes that she communicates. Upon meeting the eye of the pleasant woman, she seems to have an understanding with her regarding the sorry state of other people inside the waiting room: â€Å"The look that Mrs. Turpin and the pleasant lady exchanged indicated they both understood that you had to have certain things before you could know certain things† (O’Connor 822). O’Connor uses eyesight as a symbol of the inner being of Mrs. Turpin and the rest of the characters in the story—true to the aphorism that the eye is the window to the soul. This is further demonstrated in O’Connor’s description of the white-trash woman’s eye as having a â€Å"cast,† which could literally be a physical eye ailment but could also mean a failure to see things as they rightly are. As a contrast to Mrs. Turpin, the ugly girl who is significantly named Mary Grace responds to the pathetic conversation with a scowl. Mary Grace was the kind of person that Mrs. Turpin could not make sense of or judge as easily as she could others. This suggests that Mary Grace and Turpin do not share the same sentiments regarding other people. Mary Grace, described to have a â€Å"peculiar eye,† sees through Mrs. Turpin’s hypocrisy and uses her eye to condemn it. As Mrs. Turpin’s prejudice gets more blaring, Mary Grace fixes her piercing look at Mrs. Turpin who was starting to get confused at Mary Grace’s hateful look. Mrs. Turpin ignores the ugly girl and blurts out a prayer not unlike that performed by a Pharisee in the Bible. Upon hearing this, the ugly girl throws a book and hits Mrs. Turpin’s left eye. In Oedipus Rex, eyesight and the lack thereof is used ironically to demonstrate how the king’s blindness turned to sight (Bush). Similarly, Mrs. Turpin saw her prejudice through an impaired eye. She sees a vision, while in her backyard, revealing how her prejudice would get her behind the ranks of people marching to heaven. Eyesight, throughout the rest of the story, is used as a symbol of Mrs. Turpin’s prejudice as well as her redemption. Another recurring object in the story which accretes symbolic meaning is the pig. Commonly associated with uncleanness, the pig symbolizes the moral state of Mrs. Turpin. It is no coincidence that she and her husband Claud raise pigs in their backyard. O’Connor reinforces this symbol when Mary Grace calls Mrs. Turpin a warthog. Sparrow sees another meaning to the use of pigs in Revelation. According to him, the act of cleaning the pigs before they are sent to the slaughterhouse symbolizes the act of purging in Purgatory. In the story, Mrs. Turpin violently hoses her pigs as she asks God with insolence why she experienced the humiliating incident in the waiting room. This is a parallel to the act of cleansing that humans must undergo before they can reach heaven. Symbolizing Purgatory is evident in the final revelation Mrs. Turpin receives at the end of the story. The bridge connecting earth to heaven is a place where â€Å"virtues and vices will be equally purged. Shame and pride will be no more. Clean and unclean, sane and lunatic, white and black, gentile and Jew, slave and free, woman and man will enter in a single throng, the last being first, the first being the last. † (The Black Cordelias). The waiting room where Mrs. Turpin experiences her first revelation is another symbol in the story. Filled with people that come from different walks of life, the waiting room is used as a microcosm of the society wherein â€Å"niggers† and â€Å"whites,† rich and poor brush shoulders with each other. O’Connor employs a similar technique in Everything that Rises Must Converge where she set the story in a bus, a scaled-down image of the world. In Revelation, people inside the waiting room inevitably take symbolic meaning. Five types of people can be seen inside the waiting room, relating to different kinds of people in society. The white trash woman, with her ignorant comments and hasty judgment, symbolizes people who are uninformed and uneducated. They view the world with a sharp dichotomy: white and black. This is especially true in the South which was steeped with racism. The Negro represents those who are oppressed and marginalized in society. In most of O’Connor’s story, black people prove to be nobler than whites who think they are superior. Consistent with her strong Catholic beliefs, O’Connor puts preference to the oppressed. Mrs. Turpin of course represents the prejudiced and hypocritical. She is typical of some Christians who wear a mask of righteousness to hide their real feelings towards people they do not agree with. In Revelation, O’Connor puts hope in God’s sovereignty to transform people like Mrs. Turpin, and for O’Connor, God’s intervention in the physical world is possible because of the sacraments, the visible signs of God’s intangible grace. Finally, the presence of Mary Grace symbolizes people who fix the unbalance in the world brought about by prejudice and cruelty. Her name alludes to two Catholic beliefs: Mary, the intermediary between man and Jesus, and Grace, the unmerited favor which God bestows man. O’Connor uses Mary Grace to redeem Mrs. Turbin from her blindness and restore the balance in her life. The use of symbols in Flannery O’Connor serves her purpose of translating into everyday circumstances the abstract truths and teachings of her faith. Her Christian worldview is reflected in her characters and the transformation they experience. Despite being a staunch believer and defender of her faith, her fiction, as demonstrated in Revelation, does not come as a didactic propaganda. Her deft writing and understanding of fiction enables her to create realistic and believable characters which, in turn, enable readers to see the world as it is.

Christian Israelite community Essay

The first main event that we learn of is the moment when the prophet informs the Christian Israelite community in Ashton that, â€Å"The Lord has instructed me to take of your number, seven virgins for comfort and succour†. Leah is the first girl who speaks to us, and the reader can find a somewhat humorous side to the event. Leah’s language in this, her first time of talking to us, makes her seem younger than she is; as she tries, â€Å"not to giggle†, she takes the information, and reacts to it as though it were gossip. Leah writes in the present tense; this gives the reader insight into her feelings at the very moment that she felt them, rather than looking back detachedly on what she felt. It is from Leah that we gain the first view of Mr Wroe who is â€Å"powerful†, at this point we do not know just how powerful, but later events give more supporting evidence of this comment. Leah also shows the reader how religious the sect was; she is unsure as to whether or not they would â€Å"make us pray all day†. Also we learn of how women were treated, Leah is locked in her room and guarded, and the girls do not have a choice over whether to go to Southgate – their parents offer them to the prophet. Joanna gives us a very religious view of the calling of the virgins, and other people may have also felt the same as she did about Mr Wroe and the sect. Joanna shows us that at this time in history, women were not really involved in religion, particularly within the Christian Israelites; she is thankful that â€Å"this is the sign the women are not forgot†. The event of selection shows that the women were indeed not forgotten, but being women they were forced to attend, and some â€Å"had to be clasped and held secure†. The severity of the women’s reactions to this event was great, and Ann Taylor (one who was chosen), tried to kill herself because she did not wish to join the Prophet’s household. Hannah sees this event differently to the others as she is an outsider, and unaccustomed to the rituals and beliefs of the Christian Israelites. However, both she and Leah show us that at this time, daughters were seen as a burden to their parents because they had to be married off and of course could not carry on the family name. Leah recognises that the girls’ parents would not â€Å"give the prophet a pretty daughter† who could easily be married, and Hannah feels as though she has been â€Å"handed over† to a crazy sect predicting the end of he world, with â€Å"less heart searching than they would undergo in parting with crust to a beggar†. Hannah is non-religious and also gives us a detached view of the prophet – whom she dislikes at first. She feels he’s rude and that the sect is primitive in their customs, particularly the elders who â€Å"resemble tribesman†. Hannah feels that she has been given â€Å"into the care of a lunati c band of would -be ancient Jews†. Rogers also goes into some detail about how Wroe spread the word about the Christian Israelites to the surrounding areas of Ashton. He used the girls to draw attention by their strange dress and, Hannah shows the reader how much power and influence he had on people. Rogers probably could not have known whether he had a deep attractive voice or not but she would have known that many converts joined the Christian Israelites and it was his charismatic leadership that caused this. Rogers gave Wroe characteristics that she felt would fit this role and make him seem (as far as possible), as he probably would have been. These views give us a good idea of what was involved at the beginning of this historical event. Although Wroe may have completely believed that what he was doing had religious significance, but we also see that his ideas, particularly around the seven virgins were verging on the surreal. Rogers uses this event to create literature by using both fact and fiction, bringing events in history into view and giving the reader a greater understanding of them. Like Rogers, Miller focuses on certain characters, as there are many characters in ‘The Crucible’ some play a larger parts in disclosing the events than others. Abigail seems to begin the hysteria by leading the girls into the forest and causing Betty to become â€Å"frightened and then she fainted†. John Proctor, Tituba, and Rebecca Nurse give evidence of three different views on the threat and outcome of being arrested. Also Reverend John Hale, who changes his mind about the alleged witchcraft in Salem. The other characters also give the reader information about events throughout the play; they show the reader how people were affected by the event. Lives stopped with the number of people in prison; land was going to waste and people found excuses not to work. For example Mary Warren, who neglects her duties to the Proctors claiming that she is â€Å"an official of the court†. Reverend Parris has a breakdown, and there is doubt as to who owns what because so many were dead. This was dire for the people of Salem, as due to the time, their survival leaned on that which grew on the land. With everything neglected, people were worried; rumours of rioting were spread to help to discontinue the court’s dictatorship. The three characters mentioned earlier as giving the reader an impression of the events, show three different reactions. Rebecca Nurse is very faithful to her religion, but will not become caught up in the hysteria; and when she herself is accused, she will not confess, â€Å"It is a lie; how may I damn myself? I cannot†. Rebecca Nurse is one of the most respected members of the community and her execution is part of the final crescendo in the play. Tituba takes a different viewpoint. She does not want to be punished or executed, and finds that pleading innocence only worsens her situation. She accepts the accusations and confesses, realising that lying would be the only escape, â€Å"I tell him I don’t desire to work for him†. Tituba may have been blamed for the girls’ behaviour because she was black, and a slave. An easy target for blame; black people were not socially accepted except as slaves, and were considered untrustworthy. John Proctor is probably the central character in the play, particularly in the fourth act, in which he attempts confession, but cannot name his friends; he is loyal and won’t lie to hurt them. This shows a view that is more sensible and although he is executed, Proctor tries to stop the court by admitting to his adultery with Abigail. But what really causes him to decide to give his life is that when the judges make him sign his confession they will publicise it. Proctor is distressed by this as, â€Å"I have given you my soul; leave me my name!†

Essays Essay Example

Essays Essay Example Essays Essay Essays Essay GROOSHAM GRANGEEXPELLEDIt was dinner time at wiernotta mews. Mr. and Mrs. Eliot were sitting at the dinner table with their only son, David. The meal that night had begun with a large plate of raw cabbage with cheese sauce because Mr. and Mrs. Eliot never ate meat. The atmosphere was distinctly chilly. That afternoon, the last day of the Christmas term, David had bought home his school report. It had not made pleasant reading.â€Å"ELIOT HAS NOT MADE PROGRESS†, the maths teacher had written. â€Å"HE CAN’T DIVIDE OR MULTIPLY AND WILL, I FEAR ADD UP TO EVERY LITTLE.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"WOODWORK?† the carpentry teacher had written. â€Å"I WISH HE WOULD WORK†Ã¢â‚¬Å"IF HE STAYED AWAKE IN CLASS IT WOULD BE A MIRACLE,† THE RELIGION TEACHER HAD COMPLAINED.â€Å"VERY POOR FORM, ‘the form master had concluded.â€Å"HE WILL NEVER GET AHEAD,† the headmaster had agreed.MR Eliot had read all these comments with growing anger. First his face had gone red. Then his fingers had gone white. The veins in his neck had gone blue and his tongue had gone black. Mrs. Eliot had been unsure whether to call a doctor or take a colour photograph, but in the end, and after taking several glasses of whisky, he had calmed downâ€Å"When I was a boy,† he moaned, â€Å"If my reports were not first class, my father would lock me in a cupboard for a week without food. â€Å" â€Å"Where did we go wrong Mrs Eliot sobbed, pulling at her mauve-tinted hair. â€Å"What will the neighbours say if they find? They will laugh at me! I am ruined!†Ã¢â‚¬Å"My father would have killed me if would have a report like this†Ã¢â‚¬ He would have tied me down to the railway crossing and waited for the charring cross..†Ã¢â‚¬Å"We could always pretend we haven’t got a son,† Mrs Eliot wailed â€Å"We could say he’s got a rare disease. We could say he fell off a cliff†As you will have gathered from all this, Mr and Mrs Elio t was not the best parents you could think or hope to have. Edward Eliot was a small fat bald man with a bristling moustache and a wart on his neck. He

How to Tell Your Parents You Want to Drop Out of College

How to Tell Your Parents You Want to Drop Out of College If you are considering dropping out of college, you likely have a good reason: personal, financial,  academic, or a combination of factors. Even though the benefits of dropping out may be clear to you, your parents may have some concerns, and talking to them about dropping out may not be easy. So where can you begin? What should you say? Be Honest Dropping out of college is a big deal, and your parents know this. Even if they suspected that this conversation was coming, they probably arent going to be too pleased about it. Consequently, you owe it to them- and yourself- to be honest about the main reasons driving your decision. Are you failing your classes? Not connecting socially with others? Feeling lost academically? Is the financial obligation too much to bear? If you expect to have an honest, adult conversation about dropping out, youll need to contribute your own honesty and maturity as well. Be Specific General statements, like I just dont like it, I dont want to be there, and I just want to come home, may be accurate, but theyre vague and therefore not very helpful. Additionally, your parents may not know how to respond to these kinds of general statements other than to tell you to get back to class. If, however, youre more specific- I need some time off from school to figure out what I want to study, I need a break right now academically and intellectually, Im concerned about how much this is costing- both you and your parents can have a constructive conversation about your concerns. Explain What Dropping Out Will Accomplish Dropping out has such a heavy feel to it because it is a very serious choice. To assuage their concerns, discuss with your parents what dropping out will accomplish. True, youll leave your current situation, but then what? While withdrawing from your current college or university might be appealing, it should be only one step in a longer, carefully thought-out process. What will you do instead? Will you work? Travel? Aim to re-enroll in a semester or two? The conversation should not just be about leaving college; it should also include what youre planning to do next. Be Aware of the Consequences Your parents will likely have a lot of questions for you about whats going to happen if you drop out. What are the financial consequences going to be? When will you have to start paying back your student loans, or can you put them on deferment? What will happen to the loan and grant money youve already accepted for this term? What about your lost credits? Can you re-enroll at your institution at a later time, or will you have to reapply for admission? What obligations will you still have for your living arrangements? While your heart and mind might be set on dropping out and leaving your current situation, your parents can be great resources for helping you keep your focus on whats most important. The key, however, is to fully engage and work in partnership with them to make the transition as painless as possible for everyone involved.

Compare and contrast skinner and moore's different views Essay

Compare and contrast skinner and moore's different views - Essay Example So experiment and observation, highly empirical they are, but would therefore make sense. It is only through doing these based on Skinner’s point that we could understand when a certain thing happens, another thing should follow. This means things we see now are results of something happen, so there must something happening before we see things as they are. This means further that an internal psychological state exists only then that we could exactly determine it, but based on Skinner’s claim we could be certain it certainly does exist. Thus, Skinner is compelled to believe we have no free will, because there is â€Å"technology† of human behavior that controls us, and there are forces around us that cause us to create our choice or determine our behavior. Based on these, Skinner has two conflicting views: we have no control over our actions; we ought to behave in a certain way, which only implies we have choices to make, so at some point we are given the chance to control our actions. Determinism at this case seems to become incompatible with ethics, as Skinner believes forces around could either shape people as good or something else. Moore’s soft determinism According to Moore’s point of view influenced by soft determinism, hard determinism of Skinner seems to be incompatible with ethics as it could be claimed people may not be held responsible for their actions. Moore believes that a person without free will has no moral obligations. So in Moore’s point of view, Skinner must be denying something intuitive. As Moore would want to point out, the word â€Å"could† only implies we really have choices to take. That is, an able person seeing somebody drowning could either save that person or not under certain circumstance. For Moore it is morally right to save life, as this is what the moral society dictates. However, a person could also choose not to save someone else’s life and accept what the moral societ y will have to say as a result of such action. Here where Moore clearly wants to point out people have free will. Everyone â€Å"could† choose to do things, so we are left with choices. Analysis It is clear on the point of Skinner that external forces are the ones creating our choices. So Skinner is convinced there is no way we could have free will because forces around us have already predetermined our actions. At this point, Moore’s claim that we have free will cannot be compatible with the idea that we could choose for ourselves choices to take as they are already predetermined. If Skinner’s point is right, much better than Moore’s, then the two of them might be arguing something that did not exist at all and significantly undetermined. We have therefore to note that Skinner and Moore are trying to believe in the premise that â€Å"everything always being caused,† which is the very idea of determinism. This means everything we do is predetermine d. Moore’s claim could therefore create a point if free will, based on Skinner’s point of view is something that exists and a strong influential force that could determine choices or actions of people. However, if free will is something that is also predetermined, then it could create certain actions, which according to Skinner must be predetermined as well. In this case, it is relevant and valid when Skinner would claim external forces

Is Competition Necessary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Is Competition Necessary - Essay Example Therefore, competition determines who is to undertake a certain duty and assigns people their respective status or place in the social realm. For instance, some people compete with others with the aim of retaining their social status while others compete in order to attain new social status. Competition is necessary in society in that outperforming others is healthy since the person who is smart manages to get the best. Competition is really necessary because it acts a motivation in that it challenges people to have an objective and a goal that encourages or motivates them to attain more that the other person. This in turn makes the person to explore different ways available in order to beat others. In addition, competition brings more imaginative and creative thinking since a person is inspired where there is a challenge to overcome certain issues. Additionally, it offers the determination to continue without interference or undeterred. With this in mind, a person is able to recogni ze others in that he or she respects that different people have distinct abilities and skills (Fullick 36-7). Therefore, people ought to compete in a manner that motivates them positively not negatively even if it means against themselves and their own past successes. For instance, in classroom setting, some children posses’ different potentials and ways of learning, therefore, finding an good way to motivate them may involve a competitive aspect but it has be chosen wisely or else it can have negative effect and de-motivate students. In addition, competition brings people of different levels, aspirations, ages, and desired objectives or goals. Due to this, some individuals may be in a competition for social purposes. Competition is significant in that presents some life lessons. This is based on the argument that life can be hard and tough at times. For example, applying for jobs or participating in marathon or any discipline where there are many losers than winners. People are able to learn from it in that they relish chance or opportunity to do their best and find ways to enhance and improve in order to emerge winner the next time. More so, people will learn to cope with disappointment by congratulating the winner for outperforming him or her and candidly appreciating the abilities and talents of others while looking forward for the next chance (Porter 32-3). For instance, competition can make an individual enjoy freedom and mobility in that the spirit of competition assists individuals to enhance and improve their social status. On the same threshold, competition offers an individual good opportunity to satisfy their needs for new experience and better recognition in the society. Competition is also necessary in that it challenges an individual to go an extra mile when competing with other people. For instance, when people set their eyes on the price, they are able to put in more energy and enthusiasm which motivates them to carry on. Individuals ar e often ready to look for an extra reserve of determination and stamina to work through and carry on with the competition (Fullick 23). Competition has proved to be helpful in that it helps people to find resources they never had. In this case, competition requires critical thinking by exploring ways that can help one succeed. More so, it regularly

Economic degrowth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Economic degrowth - Essay Example This is a good sign of economic degrowth. In terms of enhancing consumers’ health, the working condition of the workers, and preserving the available economic and natural resources for future generations, the transition stage from economic growth to degrowth is one of the most unique political breakthrough that took place in the United States (Latouche, 2007). In line with this, Kennedy (2010) explained that cities that is undergoing degrowth process is characterized by a limited population density and self-sufficient even though there was a shift from urbanization to rural way of living. In general, the population of cities that is undergoing degrowth process is usually below 10,000 residents per city (Bliss, 2011; Reinhardt, 2011). Depending on the size of geographic area, population size of degrowth cities can be less than 50,000 (Mathivet, 2009). Because of the limited production and consumption of goods, cities that are focused on degrowth are the ones that could preserve their existing natural resources and energy resources without sacrificing the standards of living of people living in these cities. Q.2 How may this area be influenced by degrowth? At the end of the document you will see a table with your name appearing alongside a particular theme (transport, housing, multifunctional urbanism, decision making processes, use of environmental technologies.) What area have you been invited to focus on: Housing Inflation rate in the United Kingdom has significantly increased from 3.0 up to 5.0 between January 2009 up to January 2011 respectively (National Statistics, 2011). Because of the increasing trend in the annual CPI inflation rate and interest rates in the US and UK market, the selling price of single detach houses has been significantly increasing over the past few years (Nordvik and Gulbrandsen, 2009). In 2001, there were as much as 215,000 companies building roughly 146,000 single-detached houses (Glaeser, 2004). As a consequence in the high market prices of single detached houses, there is a shift from the demand for expensive single detached houses to low-cost and more affordable multi-unit housing projects such as townhouses, apartment buildings, dormitories, or condominium units (Murray, 2011; Reference for Business, 2011; Johanisova, Crabtree, and Frankova, 2010; Glaeser, 2004). In line with this, there are some constructors who are already designing multi-unit housing projects using low-cost pre-fabricated housing materials (Reference for Business, 2011). There are socio-economic advantages associated with the shift from single-detached houses to multi-unit houses. First, it is possible to increase the supply of affordable housing units to meet the increasing population in US and UK (Glaeser, 2004). Aside from effectively protecting the environment from the adverse consequences of consuming too much electricity, degrowth in the housing industry is also more economical on the part of the consumers in terms of decr easing the cost of maintaining the quality of small-unit houses (Crawford and Heller, 2010; Register, 2010). Q.3 What has already been envisaged or put in practice that would be welcomed by a de-growth society? Give some examples and indicate the impact/ results of these 'alternatives' (e.g. from slow-cities to the setting up of autonomous communities and the recuperation of community; from

Concept of Crosswall Construction for Earthquake Hazards

Concept of Crosswall Construction for Earthquake Hazards 1. INTRODUCTION The aim of this report is to understand the basic concept of crosswall construction, and a proposal for Armature Crosswalls to be used as earthquake hazard mitigation for reinforced concrete and masonry infill-wall buildings vulnerable to collapse. RC frame and infill construction is common throughout the world and often has proved lethal in earthquakes. The paper traces the history of masonry infill construction from pre-modern forms that have shown earthquake resistance in the past, to the early modern steel skeleton frame buildings that survived the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. the construction flow at real time in step by step procedures and quantifying the benefits and studying their applications. This is done by making a comparison in usage of the same technique in two different countries namely India and the United Kingdom. This comparison is aimed at producing an insight into the technique and to identify the areas of improvement. 2. Crosswall construction 2.1 Definition: Crosswall is a modern method of building construction using division walls which transfers the floor loads through the building to the foundations. The name crosswall itself signifies the masonry connection is on either sides of the main wall. It employs concrete components like lift and stair cores, precision engineered (highly skilled), and precasted in the factories. 2.2 Applications: This type of pre-cast single-skin or flat panel concrete construction is becoming more popular in commercial applications such as hotels, motels, prisons, military barracks and student accommodations. These types of structures up to 16 storeys have been finished in U.K using the crosswall technique. The use of such panels can result in fast, simple construction process on site followed quickly by finishing trades. Crosswall is mainly used for medium and high rise buildings. 2.3 Benefits: Cross wall construction method reduces the wet trades and creates very early dry boxes for subsequent trades. This helps in speeding up the construction process without delay in work. Crosswalls also helps to eliminate internal cladding and other items such as party walls because the concrete crosswalls and floors do more than load carrying system. Crosswall technique reduces the labour onsite. A precast panel provides concrete frames without structural down stands. Cross wall construction which has been developed for providing very fast and high quality in repetitive accommodation units such as hotels and the opportunity for multi storey apartments is rising, student accommodation buildings, stadiums etc. but the crosswall technique optimisation in low rise buildings is minimal(single houses) because the dimensions of each room may not be the similar. The Crosswall construction is incorporated with a series of both horizontal and vertical ties which are designed in such a way to prevent the failures and collapses according to building specifications. Other precast work can be started simultaneously before the precast units are erected. The crosswall buildings have less maintenance service and have good acoustics values. The acoustic performance of crosswall is excellent because of its mass and effective damping. Crosswalls reduces the risks of failing pre completion acoustic tests. (The Concrete Centre, 2006) Pre cast walls and floor units are more than just a structure (highly effective in costs, speed, early start for other trades, and provision of fire separation panels), wall panels are provided with good finish and air tight tolerance. Tight tolerance enables fitting of bathroom pods, carpets and built in furniture. Flat pack construction is very quick and cost effective because it reduces the material waste on the site and the party walls are largely eliminated. The separation of acoustics and additional finishes are reduced as the wall panels provide the sufficient airborne noise separation. Thermal mass is provided by concrete and the thermal is utilised in crosswall constructions because the concrete widely spreads on the unfinished surfaces and the thermal mass reduces the risk of over heating in summer season by keeping the surrounding cool.( Doebber, Ellis M.W; 2005) The main features incorporated in cross wall construction are Direct decorative finish to the walls with only minor pre decoration treatments. Solid room sized slabs pre finished for direct ceiling decorations. Reduced structural zone without downstands. Cross wall system generally utilises stair cores and lift cores for overall stability. Pre fitted windows eliminates internal cladding. Optimal methods of floor construction, allowing flexibility for individual client requirements. Construction of stairs and lift cores can permit early access for subsequent trades. (The Concrete Centre, 2007) 2.4 Limitations: In spite of several benefits offered by the precast panels, it has found that there is no wide acceptance of the precast panels in construction because of Highly skilled engineers or labours are required for manufacturing, placing and erecting the moulds on required positions. Lack of awareness and initiatives especially in Indian construction industry because of invariable labour intensive methods which leads to delay in the construction and that result in cost over-run and poor workmanship. Shortage of skilled and semi-skilled personnel availability may bring poor finishes, leakages in the buildings, corrosion of structural elements. These defects can be only minimised by the use of mass scale projects such as schools, offices, hospitals and other similar projects.(A.B.Shah,2005) Precast wall panel construction may be more or equal expensive as masonry construction because it mainly depends upon the transportation of offsite fabricated materials to onsite. (Havel.G, 2006) Difficult to transport heavy weight and size of the precast panels. The profit margin is very low in the small scale constructions. For single and two storey dwellings it would be typical to use single storey height walls panels between 90-300mm thick concrete for external walls and 70-100mm thick panels for the internal walls. The variation in designs leads to the problem and the single housing clients are not happy with the precast technique even though it provides a higher quality and good finish. This crosswall technique is mostly used for large repetitive structures may not be used for small scale construction like individual housing because the crosswall is more expensive tool when compared. (Glass.J, 2000) 2.4.1 Fire Conditions: The building with large precast wall panels often has high ceilings and heavy fire loadings, as in retail stores, factories and warehouses. The fire in one of these occupancies require large volumes of water from large lines, if the fire is not controlled master stream appliances will be needed. The fire in large precast buildings is likely to cause an early collapse of the roofs even if they are no weak connections. In this type of precast panel construction all the parts of the building are tied together as part of a structure, the roof collapses are more likely to tip the walls inwards and outwards. As we know, the roof supports are more securely connected to the walls, the chances of roof collapsing is high before the wall connection fails. The failure of any part of the structure may affect the stability of the other parts of the building. (Havel.G, 2006) 3. Historical background: The precast concrete wall panel system was devised in England by William H.Lascelles (1832-85) of Exeter. In 19th century the pre-casting concrete for the structural purposes was started. Francois Hennebique (1842-1921) first introduced precast concrete into cast in-situ flour mill in France. White and Morris had given the historical accounts of the early development on precast concrete. (Elliot.K.S; 2000) Later in 1930s the use of precast as been expanded by companies such as Bison, Trent concrete and girling. Whilst precast concrete usage was stand at the first place it differs from country to country. One of the reason was the structural timber became more limited in some of the countries which led to development and improvement of precast usage. During the next 25 years the development in the precast frames, precast cladding as increased the market share to around 15% in industrial, commercial sectors. (Richardson.J.G, 1973) Since the 1990s, a significant amount of research has been conducted on the seismic behavior and the design of precast wall paneled structures that do not emulate the behavior of cast-in-place reinforced concrete construction. 4.Development Of Precast Concrete Panel Frame Systems: Precast panel frame systems have been successfully emerged from the research use of post tensioning between the precast beam and columns to achieve the lateral load resistance needed in seismic areas. (Seismic design of friction-damped precast concrete frame structure) For the Docklands project on constructing student accommodation blocks in London, the concrete was prefabricated in Belgium and transported because the northern Europe was only able to cope up with the demands of the project and other small local markets were tightened. Precast concrete wall panels in buildings speeds up the building process by adopting the precast concrete moulds. Decorative and light weight blocks have a great to offer visual values and technical values. The small store buildings from the precast industries offer excellent means of construction within the budget. The farm buildings, ware houses, industrial buildings are required to be constructed on exposed sites so the materials of standard precast frame components are supplied. Precasting of simple lintels offers opportunities of time saving on the site. The schools, universities are built by using the precast modular components. 4.1 Comparison of Conventional and Large precast panel Construction (Shah.A.B, 2005) The above table clearly signifies the benefits of large precast construction over conventional construction methods in various fields. 4.2 Structural Superiority: The precast panel structural system can be quiet efficient compared to other systems and it was tested and proven. (Fintel.M, July1991). In cast in-situ concrete structures, the large stresses may built up in the structure due to the curing, shrinkage, creep, temperature etc. However no such stresses are built in large precast panel systems during casting. Due to these special characteristics of large panels it has proved its efficiency for more than 50 years in Europe, America and other developed countries. (Shah.A.B, 2005) 5. Precast Concrete Panel Manufacture Process 5.1 Casting: Precast concrete panels can be manufactured by various casting methods. 5.1.1 Wet casting : It is generally used for small number of units having similar specifications. The moulds are manufactured by heating them in the enclosed and covered zones. Skilled engineers design the type of moulds depending upon the requirement for the project and also under the guidance of trained supervisions. As this casting is used for small units, it can be manufactured manually depending upon the number of units to be prepared. This casting can be provided for small housing. Wet casting provides the concrete in the cube strength ranging from 21 to 50N/mm, the slump varying from 0 to 175mm with a compacting factor varying from 0.8 to 0.97.(specifications are derived from CP 110 Unified code for structural concrete) 5.1.2 Gang casting: It is usually used when the moulds are combined together into a large unit assembly. The gang casting is developed by the modification of wet castings. The gang casting could be used when the similar unit requirement is more. For example: gang casting can be used in the production of stair case in the multi storied buildings. The main factors for adopting gang casting process is because of the designed units, and the general components of concrete. The gang casting can be arranged horizontally and the outputs which are achieved from gang casting can be more enhance in the stack casting. The main advantage of gang casting is it allows the concrete to place faster and than the concrete is compacted with the help of immersion-type vibrators. The greater accuracy of the component units are produced with the gang casting. The gang moulds are tied up in series so that the pressure loading on each individual unit is counteracted by the adjacent units, by this way it reduces the number of tie members. The gang moulds can be used for long horizontal spans, but the filling of gang moulds must be carefully controlled such that the intermediate moulds are not subjected to differential loading which may cause deflections and waves along the line of moulds. (Gibb.A, 1999) 5.1.2 Stack Casting: Stack casting is the slight modification to the flat and gang casting units. In this casting process gang moulds are filled and hardened after the hardening process the divider plates are driven into the mould up to an appropriate depths so that the next layer will be ready for casting. Stack casting is used to produce A frames and can be used in the repetitive structures such as prisons constructions. All the rooms are of same size and dimensions. Precasters have found that the incorporation of through holes, barrels or by insertion of anchors allows fastening the mould sides and bring them to the subsequent positions with exact casting thickness. 5.1.3 Battery casting: It is mostly used on wider scale, battery moulds has become more popular in large concrete wall panel constructions and the casting technique is also used for the manufacture of floor slabs and for decorative cladding components. The battery casting can be used in the manufacture of L shaped components such as balcony elements and lift enclosures. In this type, the units are generally cast in batteries of two or more. The battery mould can also have eight to twelve cells in the same mould. The changes on the casting process which provides a continuous casting, hardening, and curing schedule prior to de moulding. The battery mould which basically contains a series of plates that are spaced a part by the other mould members. A Battery mould allows high density of casting to be carried in the available space. Care and proper supervision is required in the assembly operations so it results in securely tied moulds which will be impossible for the concrete member to get separate from the mould. (Richardson.J.G, 1973) 5.2. Direct Casting and Inverted Shell Procedures: The precasted concrete panels can be obtained from the flexible formwork. The fabric formwork can be used to produce two basic types of concrete panels such as direct casting and inverted shells. In the direct cast panels, the concrete moulds are formed by the sandwiching fabric between the two rectangular frames. Firstly, the lower frame has the intermediate supports place inside it. The lower frame is X- shaped intermediate supports. The fabric membrane is than prestressed between the lower and intermediate supports. Finally, the upper frame is placed over the membrane and than aligned with the lower frames. When the concrete is placed in the mould, the fabric form bends downwards and creates three dimensional tension curves between the available supports. Using the direct casting method, a single membrane can be moulded to form different varieties of designs by simply changing the design of the intermediate supports. The produced precasted frames with different designs can be used as various building components. The direct cast panel can be used as moulds to produce light weight shaft panels with compressed shells are caste from the mould. The panel has a minimum thickness of 38mm at the apex and a maximum thickness of 127mm at the perimeter and the diagonal X beams. The two glass fiber reinforced concrete panels can also be produced by optimising the same process of tilting the direct cast panel to produce a compression shell panel. The final obtained glass fibre reinforced concrete panel cast from the mould which significantly varies in thickness from 13 to 38mm. Unlimited desired number of different pattern or designs can be produced from these methods. Each intermediate supports produces its own set of compression shells. The moulds can be produced by providing the compression resistance to different load patterns by the changing the loading which is used in direct cast mould productions. This method helps in developing an architectural quality concrete finishes using the industrial concrete mixing. Also expands the architectural potential of concrete constructions. But the problem was identified that there was no suitable method for predicting the magnitude of deflections in the formwork membranes under the variety of loading and also structural behaviour of some of the structures are not examined, precise engineers may solve the problem of structural behaviour in the precast concrete panels. (West.M, April 2004) 6.Crosswall Construction Procedures Precasting the elements such as foundations, wall panels, floors, stairs, chajjas, water tanks are manufactured at the factory and they are directly installed on the site. 6.1 Foundations: The foundations along with the walls up to the plinth levels can be cast by using M20 grade concrete in the factories and further construction can be processed by using precast panels. 6.2 Precast Wall Panels: The precast wall panels can be made of concrete with the reinforcement provided as per the specifications. The wall panels can be cast in horizontal positions and than they are lifted from the casting beds after the concrete attains minimum required strengths. They are three main types of wall elements that are solid panels, panels with door openings and panels with window openings. 6.2.1 Sandwich Panels: The sandwich panel which involves a precast concrete outerleaf, and the choice of simulated stone finishes or facings, insulating layer and a blacking leaf of plane grey concrete. The insulation which is installed under the factory conditions is well protected by the concrete. The thickness of the insulation contained in the sandwich panels can be varied to achieve the required U-values. The precast concrete sandwich panels are often used for the building exteriors cladding and also serves as shear walls. The two sandwich layers are generally connected by the stainless steel connectors, which may consists of wind and the shear connectors. Several insulation types such as mineral fibre insulation materials can be used. A cavity can also be introduced if necessary. Mineral fibre insulation is environmentally friendly, fire resistant when compared to the expanded polystyrene products. The sandwich panels may support floors, slabs and beams. The main advantage of the load bearing panels is they may not require perimeter columns and instead increases the floor area and gives flush wall profiles. The applied finish panels may include terracotta, glazed bricks, tiles, granite, and limestone. A panel may incorporate more than 1000 bricks or 100 stones. (Dawson.S, 2004) The sandwich panel system which includes polystyrene insulation sandwiched between the two concrete walls. The interior of the sandwich panel is thicker because several studies as shown the thermal capacitance of benefits are greater when the thermal capacitance is within the insulation barrier (Kossecka Kossny, 2002) The two types of precast concrete panel systems are One is waffle precast concrete panel system which is currently used in the light commercial and residential industry and the other is sandwich precast concrete panel system which represents the available wall technologies which has greater thermal performance than the waffle panel system. The inner leaf of the sandwich panel may be used as a load bearing structural element for giving support to the floor units. This provides more efficiency to the construction process and minimises the need to integrate different trades. Techrete Company has manufactured the load bearing sandwich panels for Dublins city centre; the city centre was designed by OMahony Pike and for the first time the sandwich panel was used in a structural capacity on residential development. The sandwich panel provides very strong, durable, energy-efficient and fire resistant cladding systems. All the panels are manufactured in the factory and they are Just in time delivered to the site, they are enabled to provide very high quality finishes. Construction will be much faster and the load bearing walls panels they provide both structural support and external finish, the labour on site is minimised. (Taylor.P.J, 1992) Most of the precast concrete cladding system comprises of a single layered structural concrete panels which are manufactured in the factory and than installed on multi storey buildings with a weather resistant external finishes. Sandwich panel generally contains insulated material between the two precast layers. Techrete is one of the leading precast concrete manufacturers which has expanded the range and potential of the sandwiched panels. The Techrete company has introduced the precast panels in stone and bricks. The air cavity can be fixed in between the panels and they can be integrated as a part of load bearing structures. 6.2.1.1 Two-Wythe Sandwich Panels: The precast concrete slabs are constructed by two Wythes of concrete which are separated by thermal insulation layer. Two Wythes panels are provided with strong concrete which enables both lifting and handling. The solid concrete may also have catastrophic impact on the thermal performance on the precast concrete panels. The research was mainly directed towards the development of precast concrete three-Wythe sandwich panel with the improved thermal performances. Often, both the concrete Wythes are of same thickness and the surface of the exterior Wythes may include the architectural panels. The panels with two concrete Wythes and one insulated layer are referred to as two-Wythe panels. (Lee B.J,Pessiki; 2006) 6.2.1.2 Three-Wythe Sandwich Panels: The three Wythe panel which usually as three concrete Wythes and two insulated layers, those are connected by solid concrete and they are staggered in location so that no concrete path extends directly through the entire thickness of the panel. In practice, the three-Wythe panels are evaluated by estimating the thermal resistance (R-value) using the finite element methods. Three Wythe panel was developed to reduce the thermal bridges which were produced by solid concrete. Generally the thermal performance of three Wythe panel is evaluated by estimating the R-Values (thermal resistance) using finite element methods. The benefits of three Wythe panels are: The concrete connection between the Wythes allows improving the thermal performance over the two Wythe panel. The increased overall panel thickness may lead to increased span capability, this how which increases the usage of sandwiched panels. But the three-Wythe sandwiched panel may not be applicable for all scenarios because it increases the production time and production costs when compared to two sandwiched panels. On the whole three Wythes panels provide greater advantages in thermal performance than two Wythe panel but with higher cost and time productivities. (LEE, PESSIKI; 2003) 6.2.2 Tilt-Up Panels: The tilt up technique which combines the advantage of precast walls with other benefits of site casting, the size and the thickness of the panel is reduced. The tilt up construction had grown more rapidly with respect to the increase in the demands for more durable and economical buildings. The use of WWR(wire welded reinforcement) in the tilt up panels is relatively new concept. According to concrete international there are inherent advantages and disadvantages to the use of the WWR. (Griffin.J, 2003) WWR (wire welded reinforcement) mats are manufactured in the plant-controlled environment, which gives the correct number of bars that to be placed in the panels depending upon the additional drawings. In the fields the prefabricated mats give assurance that the bars do not bunch or free float together in the plane of reinforcement, step- through meshes are well maintained which offers the workers the ability to step between adjacent bars, reduction of labour on the site. Tilt up panel can be reinforced in less time because of the labour reduction. This wire welded reinforcement(WWR) may be used in joining the precast concrete walls and may finish the work very quickly without the need of excess labour and has an advantage in reducing size and thickness of the walls in multi-storey structures. 6.2.3 Double wall precast panels: Double wall building technology means that both sides of the wall and the floor components are form finished. The interior surfaces of the walls are dry and smooth, only single coat of paint may be required to achieve the look and feel the drywall finish. The exterior surfaces of the walls can be produced with variety of finishes and surface treatments. Dukane Precast Company has used the double wall technique for the low-rise residential and non residential constructions. This company has built a plant geared for low cost production of roof and wall that created safest, durable and most energy efficient building systems. The double wall building method may offer significant energy conservation by recognising thermal mass properties. The benefits of double wall panels: The double wall panel design may be a good choice for the home buyers looking primarily in cost, comfort, health benefits. The high degree of insulation provided by the panels can permit the use of smaller heating and air conditioning units, thus may save monthly operating costs of the house. (Concrete Products Staff, 2002) 6.3 Floors/Roof Panels: 6.3.1 Hollowcore Floors: Hollowcore and prestressed floors are also commonly used as floor slabs in multi-Family housing, schools, and hotels, offices which may take an advantage of span to depth ratios, high load carrying capacity, fire ratings and speed of construction. The hollow unit reduces the self weight of the slabs. These floor units may be available in 1200mm in widths depths from 110 to 400 mm. The hollow core slabs for the residential buildings may have very good span capabilities (short long span). The long span is used for the car parks and office constructions and they can exhibit upward cambers. The short spans can also be provided with a layer of the expanded polysterene on the soffit to provide the insulation for the ground floor situations. The hollowcore slabs with reinforcement can be generally 225mm deep and 1200 mm wide Termodeck Company is more specialised in providing hollow core units. (Borghoff.M, 2006) The hollow core wall panels can be installed with or without insulation. The floor units can be provided with the polysterene or poly-isocyanurate (PIR) insulation material. The benefits of using hollowcore floor units are as follows: It may include high load carrying capacity, long spans, durability, erection speed, providing instant working, and very good thermal and sound insulation, providing the floor with fire resistant properties without the need for the fire protection treatment. Hollow core units may be the ideal building material for the construction of ware houses, manufacturing plants, schools, retail stores, office buildings and administration buildings. The use of pre stressed hollow core units and the solution which may enables fast construction and it is cost effective because the secondary fire resistance treatment is not required Precast hollowcore floors are designed with up to 4 hours fire resistance by using tabulated data that gives minimum dimensions for the depth of concrete cover to the prestressing strand or wires as well as overall depth of the floor slab to be used. (Norman E Brown, Head of Engineering Services – British Precast Secretary – Precast Flooring Federation) 6.4 Transportation: The precast concrete panels can delivered to the site over the highways by semi trailer trucks. A few can be shipped by rail or other modes of transportation depending upon the feasibility of resources. The precast plants may not restrict the size and weight of the precast panel production if there is ease of transportation. The use of light weight aggregate concrete panels can minimize the impact of weight on shipping, handling and