Practical report in molecular biology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Viable report in sub-atomic science - Essay Example DNAs that are set up along these lines may then be dissected by a technique called gel electrophoresis. This includes the utilization of electric flows to encourage the detachment of straight DNA particles through a gel support, for the most part comprising of the polymer agarose or polyacrylamide. These polymers structure a sub-atomic strainer that license the DNA to go through at a rate that is around contrarily relative to the log of the sub-atomic load as estimated in kilobase sets (Kb). The current starts the development of DNA from the site of utilization to the emphatically charged cathode as the adversely charged phosphate bunches in the DNA atom are attracted to the cathode by electrostatic fascination. On the off chance that DNA parts of Known atomic weight are electrophoresed at the same time thre sub-atomic load of the DNA sections created by limitation compound processing might be discovered by contrasting their pace of versatility and that of the measures of known sub-a tomic weight. This is generally determined by setting up a diagram speaking to the log of the sub-atomic load of DNA norms versus the deliberate separation voyaged sea shore band in millimeters (mm). The separations of the obscure sections is estimated and their sub-atomic loads are dictated by finding the position these deliberate separations are situated on the diagram. Limitation catalyst processing of DNA followed by gel electrophoresis is an ordinarily utilized strategy for getting ready DNA maps and deciding the atomic loads of obscure DNA tests. The DNA utilized in this trial convention was gotten by refined microbes (E.coli) that contain plasmid DNA. Two sorts of plasmids were set up from E.coli, assigned plasmid X and Y. After the plasmid DNA was separated from the bacterial cells, it was then processed with limitation compounds, which are equipped for making twofold abandoned cuts in DNA atoms at explicit

Breastfeeding and Population Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 47

Breastfeeding and Population - Assignment Example The mother additionally loses the assurance against the advancement of ovarian and bosom malignant growth that breastfeeding can give, in a later life. Latest investigations have represented bosom and ovarian disease as the best populace burdens to the female populace. There are various systems, which are utilized to urge moms to breastfeed their youngsters. For instance, lactation amenorrhea, which identifies with normal baby blues ripeness that happens when a lady isn't discharging, is one of the techniques utilized to urge moms to breastfeed their infants. Through this, breastfeeding is viewed as a populace control method where ladies, in the immature nations, are extensively encouraged to breastfeed for a half year only, by their legislature and other non-administrative associations. Most moms likewise have various fantasies related with pregnancy particularly in the provincial settings. For instance, breastfeeding can't be depended upon to forestall pregnancy, which clearly isn't the situation in light of the fact that different logical examinations and trials have demonstrated this without a doubt valid. Moms, in this way, are constantly encouraged to breastfeed their kids solely through certain precise models to give impeccable outcomes. In some high-salary nations, similar to Australia, ladies don't only breastfeed newborn children for the necessary time of a half year as specified by the World Health Organization. Much of the time, they will in general incline toward an early steady presentation of different types of nourishment like the newborn child equations because of employment pre-occupation consequently no time for the infant.

Consumerism

Consumerism I’m the pack of lies that keeps you ‘safe.’ I’m the thoughts you’re ashamed to share. Im the crushing feeling you feel inside. Im the memory you cant get out of your head. Im the lust, the empty desire. Im the fear, the greed. Im the Black Friday. Im the impulse, the hurry-up-and-buy, the just-one-more. I’m the high that fades past the checkout line. I’m the sound of money flowing down the drain. I am consumerism. Give me a chanceâ€"I promise you won’t be satisfied. Essay inspired by David Grays Nemesis.

Influence Of Family Culture And Their Influence On Family,...

Research has shown that a person is shaped by the influence of their family, their culture, and their environment. As far as I could remember my parents have always been there for me, always by my side cheering me on. I am lucky to have such wonderful parents because if it weren’t for their influence, I would not be the person that I am today. My father had a rough childhood growing up in New York. His family was poor and my grandmother was not very supportive, yet despite his living conditions, my father has always persevered. He dedicated his time to reading, studying and learning which he continues to do to this day. It is his perseverance that has inspired me to be a hard worker. Every time I get stuck on a problem or am having trouble figuring something out I always rely on my dad to help me out. Though I might complain at time I still stay on track and focus on my work which shows that I will keep on going no matter how difficult the challenge may be. My father has also taught me to never give up no matter what the situation may be. If he could study while living in a rundown dingy apartment (I am assuming since my father never really described what the house was like other than that it had a huge roach infestation) then I should have no problem at all in studying in an average living environment. My mother’s situation on the other hand was far different from my father’s. Unlike my father she grew up in decent living conditions. She had her days in which she wouldShow MoreRelatedFamilies Who Relocate Essay1367 Words   |  6 PagesMoving from one culture to another can be quite overwhelming for some families. Being use to one way of living can affect how some families adapt to new cultures or social classes. There are numerous influences on families when they are exposed to different environments. The traditions and beliefs people believe in can be affected by the influences of a new environment. Experiencing a new culture has positive and negative influences on families through their beliefs, lifestyles, and living environmentsRead MoreNature Vs Nurture : Nature And Nurture994 Words   |  4 Pagesis defined as â€Å"the complex forces of the physical and social world that influence our biological makeup and psychological experiences before and after birt h.† (Berk, 2014, p. 5) In other words nature links to our biology and nurture is all the other influences. Of course it is never as simple as that, our genetics can influence our behavior and our environment can influence our genetics. Trying to figure out where one influence starts and another begins will keep modern researchers busy for a veryRead MoreSelf Identity Essay998 Words   |  4 Pageseither make up or restrain the self-identity of a person or an individual. Culture, in addition to family traditions, is one of the factors that affect the self-identity of an individual. When growing up, the environment around affect the personality, values, as well as, beliefs of an individual. The environment includes friends, family members, and the people that affect the life of an individual. So, if the environment is negative, then an individual will have low self esteem. Moreover, asRead MoreUrie Bronfenbrenner and his Ecological Systems Theory Essay example1063 Words   |  5 Pagesthat occurs when going from a home/child care atmosphere into a school environment. The Teacher needs to consider the child in its entirety throughout the changeover to scholarly activities. This must include the child’s physical readiness, socio-emotional, and cognitive abilities for learning. It is equally essential to discover ways in which to involve the childrens first and most important teachers, their families. The families have the most information about their childs strengths, weaknessesRead MoreInternal And External Influences That Help Shape Businesses871 Words   |  4 Pagesinternal and external influences which help shape businesses. The NSW government has All business decisions about how and what to produce are affected by the environment in which the business operates. Successful business managers have a good understanding of the environment in wh ich the business operates. This allows them to respond positively to changes that take place and prepare for the impact such changes will have on their business operations. It is through these influences which shapes a business’sRead MoreCultural Identity Essay790 Words   |  4 Pagessaid, â€Å"culture is the process by which a person becomes all that they were created capable of being.† Cultural identity can be expressed through things like family values, ethnicity, and environment. Morals and opinions can be affected by the person’s views on the world and others. One’s culture occasionally informs the way one views others and the world because it can create or change your cultural identity, and develop one’s personal identity, which is illustrated in values and influences, thisRead MoreNature And Nurture s Effect On Behavior1690 Words   |  7 PagesUniversity PSYS 100:002 Hypothesis: The environment a child is raised in has a greater effect on their behavior than the nurture the child receives from their parents. My Initial Hypothesis The influence of one’s environment versus the influence of one’s parents and home life may not seem to be much of importance to the average individual. Prior to learning more about human psychological development, I too was guilty of not seeing the importance behind the influences effecting an individual. Both natureRead Moreshould illegal immigrants be made legal citizens?1035 Words   |  5 Pages A persons family or Family background can help determine one’s identity. Where you come from or who you’re raised by can help determine your identity in society. There are many other things that can help influence your identity, but your family’s background is one of the main ways and this is evident In â€Å"Public and Private Language† by Richard Rodriquez. Depending on what background you’re from your identity will automatically be determined. There are many different factors in this ideaRead MoreThe Macrosystem: From Child to Adult Essay1384 Words   |  6 PagesThis paper focuses mainly on the macrosystem, examining society, culture, and ecological system. Mental health and community counselors should keep in mind the complex, reciprocal interactions that characterize personal behavior in situations. Macrosystem: Describes the culture in which individuals live. Cultural contexts include developing and industrialized countries, socioeconomic status, poverty, and ethnicity. There have been a number of theories surveyed that are foundational to the professionRead MoreElderly Care: Family and Government Should Work Together Essay1104 Words   |  5 Pages fall sick to diseases like Alzheimer. The responsibility of taking care of them now either fall into the hands of their immediate family, and in some cases extended family and or the government depending on the culture. However, to make for a result oriented care the government and family needs to work together and culture can influence the commitment of family to the care of the elderly. Determining who is old could be difficult sometimes considering some people could still be strong and agile

The Pursuit Of Happiness By Chris Gardner Essay - 1446 Words

The Pursuit of Happiness is a movie about a single African American father named Chris Gardner, who was evicted from his apartment in San Francisco, and him and his son have nowhere to go. Chris is an intern as a stockbroker unfortunately this position pays no money. These two face many challenges together as they live in shelters and face the hardships of life as anything and everything gets thrown their way. However, Chris refuses to give up as he struggles to make a better life for him and his son. According to Macinois (Macionis, 2017), family violence involves â€Å"emotional, physical, or sexual abuse of one family member by another† (p. 642). Chris’s wife is being in lack of terms a bitch towards him because he hasn’t sold any of his bone density machines. Once he explained what happened throughout his day she didn’t want to hear what he had to say. She’s been bringing him down ever since he signed himself into the company that doesn’t result in a good paying pay check. She doesn’t show any emotional relation to him they hardly act as a couple let alone seem close. She pays no attention to him she displays emotional abuse towards him by making him feel like he is a worthless father and husband. In reference to Macinois (Macionis, 2017), gender roles involve â€Å"attitudes and activities that society links to each sex† (p. 91). In society, we have gender roles males are usually the tougher and the figures of the family while the mother is the nurturing one. Unfortunately,Show MoreRelatedMba Case Study Chris Gardner Pursuit of Happiness Essay1069 Words   |  5 PagesSaur [pic]10SP - MG630 152 Org. Behavior Leader. 21st (Monday) June 21, 2010 The story of Chris Gardner, a man with vision, a role model to his son and a classical example of how a homeless man with a child can exert himself from being poor to become one of the most outstanding man who successes, and go above and beyond what people think of him. In describing Chris Gardner personality traits, I would say it consist of the fact that he very aggressive ambitious and loyal to his son.Read MoreThe Pursuit of Happyness Essay1716 Words   |  7 PagesSocial stereotypes and Happiness The Pursuit of Happyness 11/21/2012 Instructor: Prof. Kristin Little Author: Tareq Naseer Alsamarh Social stereotypes and happiness The story of the movie The Pursuit of Happyness directed by Gabriele Muccino portrays a family who struggles with finding enough money to pay taxes and afford living expenses. The movie takes a place in San Francisco during the 80s. The two main characters are the father Chris Gardner and his son Christopher, Will SmithRead MoreThe Pursuit of Happyness854 Words   |  4 PagesIn Pursuit of Happyness With a terrific central performance by Will Smith, this is a well-made, sharply written and ultimately uplifting drama. â€Å"In Pursuit of Happyness† is about setting goals and achieving them. 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The Pursuit of Happyness stresses an individual’s ability to become successful despite seemingly insurmountable odds, while also highlightingRead MoreAn Analysis of The Pursuit of Happiness752 Words   |  3 PagesThe Pursuit of Happyness Abstract Some of the most common themes in contemporary biographical films revolve around social life as well as the accompanying problems that living in todays society entails. By making connections to individual personal lives, these films help most people make sense of the world in which they live. In this regard, this paper focuses on the film, The Pursuit of Happyness outlining various cultural issues as well as problems faced by the starring; Will Smith playingRead MoreThe Psychological perspective of movie The Pursuit of Happiness1364 Words   |  6 PagesThe Psychological perspective of movie The Pursuit of Happiness An amazing movie, The Pursuit of Happiness illustrates through the examples of Chris Gardener s life that anyone has the opportunity to achieve their own pursuit of happiness, if they have self-motivation and determination. Happiness is not something that can be pursued. We already have all the capacity for happiness that we need. Happiness comes from within, and from being content with oneself. People can choose to be happy or chooseRead MoreThe Pursuit Of Happyness Character Analysis874 Words   |  4 Pagesmovie â€Å"The Pursuit of Happyness† there was a lot of life lessons incorporated in the film. One of the things that Chris Gardner told his son, Christopher Dont ever let somebody tell you, you cant do something. Not even me. All right? You got a dream? You gotta protect it. People cant do something themselves, they want to tell you, you cant do it. You want something, go get it. Period. I think that this is really inspirational, and can be used for everyone in any sit uation. Chris Gardner displayedRead MoreMovie Analysis: the Pursuit of Happyness Essays963 Words   |  4 PagesBased on the real life story of Chris Gardner, the Pursuit of Happyness looks at the crests and troughs in Chris life on his way to becoming a stock broker, and eventually as everyone knows, a multi-millionaire. Will Smith played the role of Chris Gardner while Smiths son, Jaden Smith played Gardners 7 or 8-year-old son. At one level, even though the movie is titled The Pursuit of Happyness (deliberately spelt wrong), it is pretty depressing. 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He faces problems when his wife is unwilling to accept his goal to become a stockbroker and leaves him. However, he perseveres even under all this stress. Chris Gardner excels at his stockbroker internship in Dean-Witter, earning the attention and respect from his superiors. However, his

Burial Practices Throughout the Ages Free Essays

Society has always looked for a way to honor its dead. This has been the case since the earliest of times. There are rituals in all populations that mark the various passages each travel through in life. We will write a custom essay sample on Burial Practices Throughout the Ages or any similar topic only for you Order Now For instance, we mark an individual’s accomplishments in graduating from college, or getting married. It is no different in death. Death is the final passage that civilizations throughout history have found ways to honor. Burials and the ceremonies that commemorate them, offer the survivors an opportunity to pay homage to the life that has been lost. It gives them a chance to celebrate the deceased for accomplishments, life and family. The burial ceremony allows the survivors a chance to mourn, and express their grief to others. The ceremony helps those left behind to heal from the pain of the loss. From the early civilizations to the present, burial rituals have told us a great deal about the social behavior of the population. In most cases, children and elderly were buried just the same as the younger, stronger male. That tells us that the population valued its people and grieved their loss. In the middle and late Iron Age, burial practices reflected a diverse community. In the area that is now Britain, an individual was buried in two separate areas. For instance, there are areas where single bones are buried, as well as locations where the rest of the body is found. During the Iron Age, the breaking down of the human body indicated ritual activities. This was done at death or shortly after with the use of excarnation. Excarnation is allowing the body to be exposed until it reaches the skeleton stage. At that point, the cranium is usually first to separate from the body, followed by the feet and hands. This process will usually involve the chopping of skin, or soft tissue (Redfern, 2008). Once body parts are separated, the secondary burial can be completed. The body processing also included breaking bones to remove joint cartilage. Archeologists have noticed that the bones found in secondary sites usually have cut marks, and fractures (Redfern, 2008). The Neanderthal was different in its method of dealing with the dead. In fact, the Neanderthal buried its dead in a painstaking ritual that occurred in stages with the consumption of the deceased person’s body parts. Nevertheless, the Neanderthal left gifts on the graves of those who died. Statistics indicate that 40 percent of the graves that archeologists have examined have been of the very old or very young. That fact indicates that the civilization valued both its elderly and children (Friedermann, Muller, Hemm, 2008). The burial practices of the pre-pottery Neolithic civilization found individuals buried in shallow graves. Some graves contained only one person while others contained many. Archeologists discovered 21 artifacts related to 15 graves in Atlit-Yam, on the Northern coast of Israel. Most of the items were tools, axes, and other household items. The graves at this site were simple. There were a few secondary burial sites, as some skulls were detached from the body. The burial site was covered with lime plaster on its surface (Galili, Eshed, Goher, Hershkovitz, 2005). In the third millennium burial practices in the Oman peninsula feature tombs circular in shape with un-worked stone that had a single ring around it. The tomb had between two and ten chambers within it. One tomb at the site of Unar 1 was large enough to hold the bodies of 438 people. A smaller tomb found at Unn an-Nar Island only held between 34-48 individuals. Inside of the tombs, archeologists found ceramics, soft-stone objects, bronze, beads and shells. These items and burial method indicates a collective manner of living. There were some cremations discovered in this period as well (Blau, 2001). A burial cave found in the Aleutian Islands dated back to 390 BD. gives a glimpse into the function of the society. Inside the cave were found hearths and work places. Human bones had arranged stones around them. There was an additional stone arrangement at the back of the cave. In front of the cave, in the habitation area, animal bones and artifacts were found. The bodies were in a sarcophagus in wood or stone coffins. There is some discussion among scholars that cave burials may have been just for the better off (West, Lefevre, Corbett, Crockford, 2003). Burial rites in Sophocles’ Athens featured the use of tombs more than cemeteries. The tombs are found along roads or at passageways or gates. Antigone believed that all people are entitled to burial. The words tumbos and herion mean mounds of the land that cover the deceased and mark where the individual is buried. The word, taphos means the tomb. The grave or tomb generally was located in a public location. The idea that the dead should be separated in some way from those living is not a part of the Greek culture. However, late 5th century walls have been found that divide up tombs from one family to another. Monuments always face the street or public square. The Romans of the same era prohibited the burial of any individual within the city. (Patterson, 2006). Murders in this era were executed for their crime. After execution, they were stoned and thrown out of the city without being buried. Suicide victims were buried but not provided a headstone. People of good standing were given ceremonies that featured songs. Then they were placed in a decorated tomb (Patterson, 2006). Heroes and those killed in battle were given a public funeral with games, oration, and sacrifices. Solon devised the rules for burial in Athens. He said the deceased should be laid out within his home. The next day, he would be carried out of the house on the board he was laying on. When they carry the dead out, men will walk in the front of the procession. Women walk behind. In addition, no woman under age 60 could enter the chamber of the dead, or the tomb. (Patterson, 2006). This is quite different from the days of Jesus where women were in charge of caring for the dead. In Medieval times there is a diverse burial rite found in the use of boats with regional and temporal variations found. The Sutton Hoo Mound is a large ship-type grave. Most of the boats used were dugout logboats. Some of the civilizations used boat timbers or boat parts to cover the grave area (Brooks, 2007). Scandinavia is well-known for its adoption of burial by boat. The Swedes and Norwegians practiced boat cremations; however, such is rare in Anglo-Saxon areas. The exception to this is the site at Sutton Hoo Mount three. At that site there is a tree-trunk made like a coffin that was used for cremation (Brooks, 2007). By the time the 18th century came around, most people in England were buried in unmarked graves in a churchyard. The ground was consecrated and the service was performed by an Anglican clergyman. He used the book, â€Å"Book of Common Prayers† for the service. In 1689, however, the idea of personalized funerals and pre-planned ceremonies came into being. The more affluent bought coffins. This lead to the development of the undertaker profession (Gitting, 2007). The very affluent built themselves a mausoleum on their land. The most famous ceremony was for John Knill, the mayor of St. Ives. He established a trust and asked that a ceremony be performed every five years. The ritual featured ten girls, who were under the age of ten. It also featured two widows, the vicar, and mayor and customs officer. All paraded to the mausoleum on top of a hill. The ceremony featured dancing, and singing, â€Å"Old Hundredth, â€Å"All people that on earth do dwell† (Gitting, 2007). Ironically, the ceremony was last completed in 2006. After the American Civil War, the ideal of embalming became popular. Prior to this Americans relied on the European methods establish for the preservation of the body. The use of embalming gave family a chance to look at the person one last time and accept his or her death. Embalming was used after Lincoln’s death to allow him to lie in state for individuals to witness, (Funeral Industry, n. d. ) In conclusion, burial rites of differing civilizations tell us a story of how the people lived, as well as how they died. It explains their values, and speaks to the kind of society they lived within. For example, south of Cairo a 5,000 year old tomb was discovered. Inside of the tomb archeologists found the bones of 10 donkeys. (Burial Site, 2008). This indicates the value this civilization placed on the role of the animals. Therefore, burial rites explain much about ancient civilizations, but also tell us a great deal about ourselves. Although the rituals may have changed, the overall purpose is the same and that is to honor the dead. References Blau, S. (2001). Fragmentary endings: a discussion of 3rd-millennium BC burial practices in the Oman Peninsula. Antiquity, 75, (289), 557 Brooks, S. (2007). Boat-nvets in graves in pre-Viking Kent: Reassessing Anglo-Saxon boat burial traditions. Medieval Archeology, 51, (1), 1-18 Burial site a high honour for a lowly beast. (2008). In Mac lean’s, 121, (16), 55 Friedermann, S. , Muller, S. , Hemm, C. (2008). The Neanderthals. New York, NY: Routledge Publishing Company Funeral Industry. (n. d. ) In Encyclopedia of Death and Dying. Retrieved April 30, 2010, from, http://wwwdeathreference,con/En-Gh/funeral-industry. htm Galili, E. , Eshed, V. , Gopher, A. , Hershkovitz, A. (2005). Burial practices of the submerged pre-pottery Neolithic C site of Atlit-Yam, Northern Coast of Israel. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 339, 1-19 Gitting, C. (2007). Eccentric or Enlightened? Unusual burial and commemoration in England, 1689-1823. Mortality, 12, (4), 321-349 Patterson, C. (2006). The place and practice in burial in Sophocles’ Athens. Helios, 33, 9-48 Redfern, R. (2008). New evidence for Iron Age secondary burial practice and bone modification from Gussage, All Saints and Maiden Castle (Dorset, England). Oxford Journal of Archeology, 27, (3), 281-301 West, D. , Leferve, C. , Corbett, D. , Crockford, S. (2003). A burial cave in the western Aleutian Islands, Alaska. Artic Anthropology, 40, (1), 70 How to cite Burial Practices Throughout the Ages, Papers

Lean Production at Portakabin-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Write a report on Lean Production at Portakabin. Answer: Introduction The purpose of this report is to compile information about lean production at portakabin. It covers the meaning of lean production and how it is used at portakabin to bring about quality output reduction of wastage in production. Lean production involves production at the minimum possible expenditure. Portakabin uses this type of production aiming at the minimization of resources and maximization of profits. The report also tackles the just-in-time production approach that is used at portakabin. This approach involves provision resources at the most convenient time (Ericsson, 2016). When resources are acquired and stored beforehand and stored, they stand a big chance of being wasted. This may include spoilage, breakage or even becoming non-functional if the customers specifications change with time. Again, the report emphasizes on the impacts of lean production at portakabin in matters concerning the speed of work shown by the time between the placement of the customers order and the time of the completion of the work. This report also explores the waste reduction methods used at portakabin such as recycling, reusing among other methods. This report also looks at the outcomes that portakabin has experienced as a result of the use of lean production. This includes quick and quality production among other benefits that set portakabin as an example that other organizations have the zeal to copy. This report also looks at the achievements that portakabin has gotten as a result of the use of lean production like the Lilliput childrens centre that show the competence and quality of production associated with it since to come up with such a centre tough requirements need to be met. Generally, this report is aimed at exploring the effectiveness and success of portakabin as a result of the use of lean production. Findings The meaning of lean production Lean production refers to a method of production that aims at the reduction of the resources used. It aims at the minimization of costs and maximization of profits and the production of high-quality materials from the least amount of resources. It is a management approach that aims at cutting out cost while ensuring quality. This production approach can be applied in almost all business ranging from design, production to even distribution. This approach focuses on reducing costs by making the business more efficient and responsive to all market needs. This approach achieves cutting out cost by minimizing the activities that do not add value to the production process. These activities include and are not limited to the holding of stock, repairing of the faulty products and the unnecessary movement of both people and products within the business (Jeon, 2017). This approach started in Japan but has now spread well in large and sophisticated manufacturing plants. This is also the product ion approach used in Portakabin. In this case, it is applied to ensure that the least amount of resources are used at each stage of production and reduce defects so that the production output is as required and give better value to customers. Two ways in which lean production at Portakabin leads to efficient use of resources Having quality management system. Having a quality management system is one thing that every organization will need to do. It is an imperative factor towards the achievement of the set business goals. The management system will always dictate how efficiently and to what extent business policies are implemented. This system will always be responsible for the smooth running of any organization may it be large or sophisticated; in any stage of growth (Chakrapoler, 2016). It is clear from the beginning that Portakabin uses the lean approach of production that aims at waste reduction and provision of the best services or commodities to the clients. Having quality management system is one of the reasons for efficient use of resources in Portakabin. The aim of this quality management system at Portakabin is to ensure that customers are given the quality that they desire. This includes a safer learning environment or a more inspiring office. In this case of Portakabin, high quality is promoted by the process called kaizen which means continuous improvement. This quality achievement is usually gotten through small and regular steps rather than in one big step. Kaizen enables individuals in all the levels of the organization to contribute in the process of improvement. Thisis achieved by asking everyone at any level of the organization to make a suggestion forimprovement. This has an implication that the improvement that takes place is not as a result of decisions from the managerial crew but from all the individuals in each stage of production. This makes the best use of resources in Portakabin. This is because informed decisions are made to ensure that what is arrived at leads to quality improvement and maximum utilization of the available resources (Hamlik, 2017). Portakabin gets new ideas from employees at every production stage. These are quality ideas on how best the quality provision can be improved to other levels and achieve the quality that the customers desire. For instance, decisions include how best to manage the stock. This is one of the major decisions that can affect a business either positively or negatively. An individual in any stage of production can be requested to give such a decision. The decision is usually arrived after much consideration and hence in such a way the organization provides the quality and the taste that is deemed to be the best for customers. The biggest advantage of the quality organization in Portakabin is the provision of very quality services by the use of the available resources effectively. Everyone, in spite of their placement, works to give the expected value to customers. It is a bit astonishing that in Portakabin there are little or no resources squandered and this is because of its culture in its management that the least of a resource should be used as much as possible (Kulkarini, 2016). This has worked well to eliminate unnecessary spending and usage that can lead to waste and this is the biggest achiever of effectiveness in resources usage. The use of just-in-time production. Just-in-time production refers to a production approach which focuses on the reduction of the holding of stock. It is the best-known method of resource utilization and it is employed in Portakabin production processes. In this case, finished products, raw materials and work in progress are kept to a minimum while the stocks are only produced when required (Maguire, 2016). This is actually the best way to make sure that resources are effectively used. In this case, only what is required in a particular production stage is produced. This leads to the minimization of waste because stocks are not held and thus there are few chances of them getting spoilt. The holding of stock may affect resource utilization in a number of ways. For instance, if stocks are stored, there would be the costs incurred in the paying of storage facilities. These facilities may include warehouses. In lean production, only what is needed at a particular stage of production is provided rather than buying raw materials and storing those incurring additional charges. This leads to maximum resource utilization. Another importance of not holding the stock is ensuring that cash is not tied in stored stocks but rather allowing working capital to be used more efficiently. Moreover, it eliminates rework in the case of defects of stored stock or change of customer specification. A good example of how resources are effectively used is the reduction of wastage where very little or no resources go to waste. This is ensured by two main ways. To begin with, waste is cut out from the manufacturing system. For instance, steel beams are supplied to Portakabin when already cut and boards used for floors in Portakabin are pre-sized. This implies that there is no trimming required hence effectiveness in resource utilization. Secondly, Portakabin employs the policy of recycling of resources to minimize chances of wastage (Pericot, 2017). This ensures that there is no a resource that goes into waste. In Portakabin, 65% of waste generated in off-site manufacturing is recycled. Portakabin staff is trained on ways of recycling and has set up waste management teams. This ensures that the resources are effectively utilized. How just-in-time production would operate in establishing and assembling a new Lilliput children's center Just-in-production refers to a production approach where resources are supplied on demand. It focuses on the reduction of unnecessary expenditure due to the holding of stocks. In Portakabin, this approach is applied to ensure that whatever is needed at a particular production stage is only what is provided. This ensures that unnecessary losses do not occur in the event of spoilage of stocks in storage or abrupt change of customer specification. It is aimed at reducing flow times within production system as well as the response times from suppliers to customers (Baron, 2017). It is actually a flow on demand methodology that simply has the implications that only what is needed is provided at a particular time. On the other hand, Lilliput childrens center is an institution that aims at teaching children mostly through playing and examples and it follows a foundation stage curriculum that develops all key areas of language, literacy, and mathematics with a strong focus on individual development (Ericsson, 2016). These centers meet tough safety and care standard that is meant to protect the children. This means that their creation needs to meet some set specifications and standards for them to be in a position to be children centers. Thus just-in-time production can operate in a number of ways to establish a new Lilliput children's center. To begin with, a children center would be required to provide a resource for the whole community. This calls for a production methodology that actually leads to a better resource utilization which definitely is JIT production. In this case, resources that are neededin any stage of establishment of these centers would be supplied at the time they are needed. Due to the fact that this is a center that would involve children training, it is evident that there will be the construction of buildings. JIT production will now make efficient utilization of resources in the construction by letting resources flow on demand. A characteristic feature of these centers is that they can be built in half the time they could be built using the traditional methodology. This means that quality production approach is required. JIT production, due to minimization of wastage and storage is one of the quality approaches in production (Ding, 2015). Resources can be supplied on demand and this would result to a quick but a quality process. Since JIT production aims at reducing flow times as well as response time from suppliers to consumers, it can actually qualify to be the best approach in making a new Lilliput children's center. In this scenario, it is used to reduce the time lag from the onset of construction to the completion. JIT approach is the production of commodities to meet the customer demand exactly in the aspect of time, quantity, and even the quality. It, in fact, means production without waste. One distinct feature of Lilliput children's center is that they should be established to meet certain qualities. JIT production would, therefore, be used in giving the prescribed quality (Thapa, 2016). The focus of JIT production as mentioned earlier is actually to give the desired quality. Therefore, it can be employed to provide the required services to reach the set specifications. In Lilliput children's center, there are multifunctional rooms that can be used for training, cooking among other functions. JIT sole objective is to minimize waste while ensuring quality. This is a good evidence of application of the JIT, one of the reasons being that most of the rooms are multifunctional and thus there is no wastage due to the construction of individual rooms that would at times not be used. JIT methodology would be used in this case to provide this approach that the minimum resources be used to avoid wastage. Again, in the construction process, material required would just be supplied on demand to ensure that no wastage occurs (Jeong, 2017). As a matter of fact, the best approach that would operate to establish and assemble a new Lilliput childrens center is just-in-time production so as to avoid resource wastage at the same time giving the best quality outcome. How waste reduction methods would be applied in Portakabin would be applied to another organization Portakabin uses lean production approach to ensure that there is no wastage of resources. It ensures that resources are supplied on demand and that there is 65% recycling of waste products. It uses a number of ways to ensure that there is little or no waste of materials. Since it deals with manufacturing and construction, it importantly takes into consideration that specifications can change anytime and thus there is need to supply resources at the most convenient time. The dv8 leather is a leather company in Australia that deals with the production and sale of leather vests, bikers, jackets, and belts (Apliob, 2016). This company, of course, can use waste reduction methods employed in Portakabin in a number of ways: One of this ways is clever designs of the modules. This means the use of standard widths and lengths. It is aimed at minimizing the cuttings to fit. When skin is converted to leather and ready for product-making, the initial cutting should be a standard measure. The measurement should be predetermined and should not just be cut to anything close to the accurate figure for future resizing. They should be exactly cut to ensure that there is no trimming in the later stages of production. With this approach, there is less wastage and very little chances of availability of small unusable pieces. Waste reduction can also be done through re-use of materials. In Portakabin, for instance, the door and window shapes that are cut out from insulated wall panels are used for floor insulation. In the same manner, a material designed to give the shape of a leather vest in dv8 should be reused again and again. It should not be a case where that material is used only once and disposed off. Since there are no possibilities of decay of such materials, they should be reused as much as possible to avoid wastage. Additionally, waste can be reduced by Changing the material used. In Portakabin, for example, a new type of insulating foam has reduced material use up to 10%. This implies that dv8 company should explore alternatives to materials used to shape the vests so that they can arrive at one in which less material is required. It is very important because all the products are made from raw materials. Having a type of raw material that needs to be used in low quantity and give the same quality output is a big boost to the company's economy. Training the staff about recycling can also reduce waste. Recycling is one of the ways in which material wastage is prevented. Whenever a material is recycled, money that could have been used to buy another material is saved. In Portakabin, the management usually trains the staff on the ways of recycling materials and of course, this has been a success since they have managed to recycle materials up to 65%. This is of course one of its major achievements. In the same manner, Dv8 Company should be in a position to train its staff on how used leather can be rendered useful again by recycling. By so doing there would be little or no wastage in their organization. Setting up waste management teams is also a mitigation way to reduce waste. In Portakabin, for example, there are waste management teams that are made up of a production manager and waste contractor. There is also a permanent trainer who works for the company and the employees are given fresher courses that update them on the new ideas (Bissel, 2015). This is an excellent factor towards the reduction of waste. Dv8 leather can in such a manner set up waste management teams that actually work for the company in the zeal of reducing wastage. They can also employ a permanent trainer, like Portakabin, who will give fresher courses to the employees that are aimed at waste management. Recycling of pallets for transporting leather vests also reduces waste. Portakabin recycles all the pallets used to transport its products. Dv8 Company too can adopt this approach that will definitely help it reduce wastage. Pallets for transporting their vests to the market or the next stage of production should not be acquired new every time but instead, should be recycled. Whenever they are used, they should be returned back to the company, cleaned and used for packing again. In this case, there will be less wastage and thus the effective use of resources. The use of pre-sized material can also reduce waste. Portakabin acquires floor boards that are already sized from the factory. The beams they use are also pre-sized from the company. Thisactually ensures that there is no wastage (Schovoshsco, 2017). Dv8 leather can apply the same principle. The leather can be cut from the factory and be taken to the sewing stage when already in the required size. If this does not happen, then tailors will be trimming the leather leaving behind waste pieces. Therefore, in an attempt to reduce wastage as much as possible, the dv8 company should ensure that pre-sized leather is used. These are universal ways that can apply in any company and hence when adopted in dv8 waste is reduced to a great extent. The impacts on Portakabin for using lean production There are very many impacts that accrue to Portakabin for using lean production. This can be evidenced by the effectiveness that has been observed from portakabin as a result of producing at the minimum possible cost and waste by using lean production. This has been evident through effectiveness in service provision as well as timely production. To begin with, there is minimum resource wastage. Lean production has a policy of using the minimum amount of a resource and minimum possible wastage. One of the impacts is least cost of production and wastage. It has minimized wastage by a number of ways including recycling of materials as well as reusing among other ways. Portakabin has also used the policy of material only supplied in demand. This means that the only raw material needed at a particular production stage is only what is provided. Lean production has, therefore, enable Portakabin to reduce wastage. Materials for construction are sized exactly at the required sizes in the fact ory they are made before being taken to Portakabin hence there is no wastage. Another impact is being timely in production. This suggests that their time of project beginning and completion is shorter than how it would be without using this approach. It has been evident that the Lilliput children's center is built in half the time it could be built using the traditional methodology. This is, of course, a definite proof that lean production at Portakabin has to lead to quick production. Since one of the policies of lean production is no unnecessary transportation of materials and personnel within its environment, this reduces the time lag that would be used in the construction or manufacture of a particular production (Morgan, 2017). Lean production, therefore, has to lead to minimum time wastage, therefore, bringing about timely completion of projects. Quality service provision is also another impact. Portakabin has been known for the production of quality products. This has been proven by the ISO 9001 and the ISO 14001 certification. This has all been made possible by the methodology of lean production. To achieve this certification, organizations usually have to show their achievements to International standards Organizations and must beat the tough guidelines set by the awarding bodies. Another proof of quality service provision in Portakabin is the Lilliput childrens center which is designed to be child-focused. This shows that they meet tough safety and care standards that have been created to protect children. Reduction of the cost of production also results due to lean production. In Portakabin, the time between the placement of an order by the customer and that of the product being ready is significantly short. This implies that less amount of capital is used. This is actually because if the time is longer funds will be used daily at the time of order and time of the product is ready. This is the success as a result of lean production. Again, materials are supplied on demand. This means that there is no spoilage or defection of materials in the stores hence economical (Petro, 2016). Another reason for reduced cost of production is the use of pre-sized materials. Materials received for the building are already in the required sizes hence they won't be trimmed rendering some pieces useless which is uneconomical. Additionally, better health to the wider community is also another positive impact. The impact of the use of Lean Production in Portakabin has also been evidenced in the social benefits that have accrued to the wider community as well. For instance, there is improved health and safety. This is because the technologies they use are much safer than the traditional technologies. When the community gets better health services, this is as a result of improved use of lean production techniques. Again, there are fewer noises from Portakabin to the outside community as a result of lorry movements and other nuisance factors. This is, of course, one of the most positive impacts of the use of lean production technology in Portakabin. Portakabin has won the trust of its clients and become an organization that other firms are looking at and aiming to copy. This is a result of lean production. Portakabin must have won the trust of their customers due to the quality services they render. Their clients must have acquired trust because they get products of the best quality from the organization and also get them conveniently. If a consumer is sure that he or she will get a high quality service, trust is gained and this improves the sales. Moreover, Portakabin has been an organization that meets the expectations of the customers. It also produces quality products to the world market and hence almost all the other companies are using this organization as a base company to weigh their standards (Keith, 2014). This means that other companies are using this company to test their performance and are borrowing most approaches from this company. Undisputedly, portakabin has experienced a positive impact as a result of the practice of using the least resources possible and at the minimum cost to produce. As a business scholar I would suggest that the other organizations adopt this production approach to gain the best and deliver the best services. I would also suggest that this approach of production is adjusted necessarily to to be used in all the other fields and the other types of productions. Again, I would suggest that portakabin also conducts sensitization and educate other organizations on how they can utilize this production approach to produce at the minimum cost possible. Conclusion Lean production is production at the minimum possible cost and aims at the least possible wastage. Portakabin uses this approach to ensure that the best output is reaped. The acquisition of this approach has enabled portakabin to get the best performance and meet tough standard requirements. Portakabin also employs just-in-time product as an approach towards lean production. This involves the provision of the required resources at the highly required time so as to minimize wastage. It is advisable that wastage is minimized at all cost. This is because materials that remain after trimming are useless and cannot easily be used. When these small cuttings are combined, they form a big material that would have been used as a raw material for production. Portakabin is an organization that produces at the minimum possible costs and makes the least or no wastage. I would therefore highly recommend this approach to all the other organizations. It is recommendable that organizations, like port akabin aim at producing cheaply and giving the best output. I would recommend the utilization of lean production and just-in-approach to ensure that they produce conveniently. Organizations that use this approach are likely to get the best output and produce the most quality products. References Apliob, K..A., 2016. The production of leather vests. Journal of small business operation, Fri May. pp.290,400. Baron, M..P.R., 2017. A service ecosystem perspective on innovative food waste reduction. Journal of service research, Tue Jan. pp.20, 34. Bissel, N., 2015. Reduction of wastes. Managemet skills, May. pp.202,207. Chakrapoler, p..S.S., 2016. E-waste and Associated Environmental condamination in Asia/Pacific Region. Condamination status, January. pp.138-43. Ding, K., 2015. Performance simulation of construction waste reduction. Waste management, pp.200-14. Ericsson, k., 2016. Food wastage reduction in supermarkets. Conservation and Recycling, pp.44,89. Hamlik, T.., 2017. Resource maximization. Journal of Resource Mnagement, December. pp.445-500. Jeon, Y., 2017. Water recycling using anaerobic ceramic membrane. Domestic water treatment, pp.46-79. Jeong, S.K., 2017. Operation simulation for JIT production. Sustainability, pp.107-20. Kulkarini, J..T.S., 2016. Waste Recycling in road construction with bitumen. Journal of interdisciplinery research, pp.203-10. Maguire, T., 2016. A food waste reduction strategy for Toronto restaurants. Faculty of environmental studies, March. pp.114-20. Morgan, D.J., 2017. Portakabin case study. Ecological strategy, April. pp.230,300. Pericot, H., 2017. Packaging waste reduction in construction sites. Waste recycling research , pp.117-23. Schovoshsco, P., 2017. Fundamental management. Journal of Management Systems, pp.209-20. Thapa, P..G.O., 2016. Supply chain logistics in multi level just-in-time Production sequencing problems. Journal of the institute of engineering, pp.300,344,400.

Descartes begins his first meditation by describin Essays

Descartes begins his first meditation by describing the concept of false beliefs. False beliefs, he believes, are common for every person. He does not condemn any person for having false beliefs, but rather accepts that he himself has also had false beliefs. Descartes, in many ways, feels revolutionary in how he is willing to accept the fallibility of humanity. He does not appear to live in a world where every human is perfect because he is made in God's image, but rather every human is made by God, and it is their duty to seek out the best way to live. It is up to people to not error. Out of this reasoning, Descartes comes to the conclusion that in order for a person to establish a firm basis for scientific knowledge, "I realized that it was necessary, once in the course of my life, to demolish everything completely and start again right from the foundations if I wanted to establish anything at all in the sciences that was stable and likely to last" (pg 15). From the start, Descartes writes that it is not rational to trust only your senses, as they are likely to mislead you. He writes, "Once the foundations of a building are undermined, anything built on them collapses of its own accord" (pg 16). And he warns that if a person continues to make assumptions based on their senses, more than once, it will turn into a habit. Their foundation is ruined and any other ideas or concepts they build upon it are damaged. Despite these doubts, Descartes seems to be very wishy washy as to the validity of one's senses. He declares that under many conditions, sense perception could actually be correct, despite just seeming to say the contrary. He writes these conditions, acknowledging that they exist and that it is possible. But then, he seems to undermine himself once more, by recounting these cases but showing how such perceptions could not be applied. The examples that he uses are flip flopped back and forth, making it hard for a person to understand what side Descartes lands on. For example, he recounts that when one dreams, one often dreams about colors and shapes they know to be true, but the imagination also has the capacity to create new shapes as well. A person could dream about a made up animal, but they would probably use parts from animals that already exist. But the imagination always has the capacity to create a new creature with no traits borrowed from reality. So in the end, he seems to land on the side of not trusting one's own senses. So while he acknowledges the probability that sense can be reliable, he never the less comes full circle back to the idea that a person can not trust their senses. Descartes can be frustrating to read, because he seems to always display both sides of the argument without ever choosing one. So it is sometimes hard to know his mind. But what he lacks in strong stances, he makes up for in demonstrations and examples. Descartes not only demonstrates how he can be lead astray by dreams, but also demonstrates how he could be led to be false if he was mad or if he was deceived by demons. He writes that if he were mad he may believe different senseless things (example: his own head being a pumpkin). The same thing would happen if he were deceived by demons, as everything which God has shown him would have no relation to reality. Descartes's first meditation seems to show a fundamental approach to rational reasoning. This of course will become pivotal to the scientific method. Descartes formulates his rule that nothing should be believed if it has any obvious uncertainty. In other terms, he believes it to be vital to avoid hasty conclusions and prejudices if one wants to maintain rational thought. Descartes states that only facts, which cannot be questioned or opposed by means of logic, should reflect objective reality

Free Essays on Importancia De La Familia

Podrà ­a decirse con certeza que la familia es para el hombre algo totalmente necesario y por ende, se asume que es la forma que mejor permite al ser humano desenvolverse en la sociedad, puesto que entrega los valores, el apoyo y el carià ±o bsicos para toda persona. El vivir en familia es algo que se tiene completamente asumido; nadie nos pregunta al nacer si lo deseamos o no, sino que simplemente es algo impuesto. En el texto de Jean-Jacques Rousseau, â€Å"Del Contrato Social†, el autor se refiere a la familia como primer modelo de sociedad polà ­tica, y primera instancia en que el hombre enajena su libertad, aunque por utilidad propia. Aquella descripcià ³n hizo que me planteara la verdadera razà ³n de ser de una familia, es decir,  ¿Cul es la funcià ³n que la familia debiera cumplir en nuestras vidas? y yendo ms a fondo,  ¿Podemos decir que estamos sacrificando nuestra libertad individual al vivir de esta manera? En primer lugar, serà ­a irreal pretender que a edades en que ni siquiera tenemos capacidad de dominio de nuestros actos, nos pudià ©ramos desenvolver completamente solos. Es inevitable entregar entonces nuestro cuidado a un ser mayor, y porquà © no hacerlo a nuestros padres, que son las personas que nos trajeron al mundo, y por ende, siempre estarn velando por lo que sea mejor para nosotros. Desde este punto de vista, sà ­ renunciamos a parte de nuestra libertad personal, pero lo hacemos por necesidad, o como decà ­a Rousseau, en funcià ³n de nuestra propia utilidad. Muchas veces debemos obedecer ciertas reglas que nos imponen los padres, y sobretodo cuando no estamos de acuerdo con ellas, sentimos que se nos est privando de nuestra libertad. Sin embargo, se debe tener una visià ³n ms amplia, entender que ellos estn viendo las cosas desde una perspectiva ms sabia, y que todo lo que hacen lo hacen por nuestro propio bienestar. Ms aà ºn en la adolescencia, tendemos a creer que sabemos las cosas mejor que na... Free Essays on Importancia De La Familia Free Essays on Importancia De La Familia Podrà ­a decirse con certeza que la familia es para el hombre algo totalmente necesario y por ende, se asume que es la forma que mejor permite al ser humano desenvolverse en la sociedad, puesto que entrega los valores, el apoyo y el carià ±o bsicos para toda persona. El vivir en familia es algo que se tiene completamente asumido; nadie nos pregunta al nacer si lo deseamos o no, sino que simplemente es algo impuesto. En el texto de Jean-Jacques Rousseau, â€Å"Del Contrato Social†, el autor se refiere a la familia como primer modelo de sociedad polà ­tica, y primera instancia en que el hombre enajena su libertad, aunque por utilidad propia. Aquella descripcià ³n hizo que me planteara la verdadera razà ³n de ser de una familia, es decir,  ¿Cul es la funcià ³n que la familia debiera cumplir en nuestras vidas? y yendo ms a fondo,  ¿Podemos decir que estamos sacrificando nuestra libertad individual al vivir de esta manera? En primer lugar, serà ­a irreal pretender que a edades en que ni siquiera tenemos capacidad de dominio de nuestros actos, nos pudià ©ramos desenvolver completamente solos. Es inevitable entregar entonces nuestro cuidado a un ser mayor, y porquà © no hacerlo a nuestros padres, que son las personas que nos trajeron al mundo, y por ende, siempre estarn velando por lo que sea mejor para nosotros. Desde este punto de vista, sà ­ renunciamos a parte de nuestra libertad personal, pero lo hacemos por necesidad, o como decà ­a Rousseau, en funcià ³n de nuestra propia utilidad. Muchas veces debemos obedecer ciertas reglas que nos imponen los padres, y sobretodo cuando no estamos de acuerdo con ellas, sentimos que se nos est privando de nuestra libertad. Sin embargo, se debe tener una visià ³n ms amplia, entender que ellos estn viendo las cosas desde una perspectiva ms sabia, y que todo lo que hacen lo hacen por nuestro propio bienestar. Ms aà ºn en la adolescencia, tendemos a creer que sabemos las cosas mejor que na...

Clinical Reflection Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Clinical Reflection Journal - Essay Example to sleep because of too much pain and another patient urinated on herself because she was afraid and unaware of how to disconnect or if she should disconnect her IV monitor. Another patient also suffered pain and ended up urinating on himself despite the fact that he pressed on the call button attached to his bed. He had arthritis and was even given a pencil to press on the call button. However, he was never told that the call button was not working. Another patient ended up slipping on the bathroom floor because he had to urinate and was not informed that he could use the call button to ask for assistance in getting to and from the bathroom. His urinary urgency was strong and he helped himself to the bathroom and in the process, he ended up injuring himself. One patient ended up screaming himself hoarse because of the intense pain he was suffering. Again, he was not informed about the call button. His blood pressure and pulse rate increased while he was enduring the pain. He was als o agitated and was almost suffering an anxiety attack due to the pain he suffered. He suffered through an hour of extreme pain before anyone came to his aid. Once again, he was not informed about the call button. In general, no effort was made by the nurses for the Hispanic patients to be informed about the call button. Since the patients did not understand the nurses, no extra effort was made by the nurses to secure translator who could explain to the patients about the call button. In the end, the patients were placed in awkward and detrimental situations – suffering more pain, urinating on themselves, and not being relieved of their symptoms. The major cause of concern in this situation is when these patients need to communicate life-threatening concerns – extreme pain, heart palpitations, angina, and other symptoms which may need immediate attention. If the nurse does not make or find a way to make the patient understand about the call button, these

Law Ethical Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Law Ethical Issues - Essay Example The essay "Law Ethical Issues" talks about the aspect of moral conduct within the law enforcement and the courts. Some of the moral issues that are recurrent in these two areas are; corruption, brutality towards the prisoners, controversial killing through either wrong sentencing or shooting by a police officer, drugs conspiracy among the court officials, the law enforcers, and the criminals. In this case, the drugs disappear from the evidence custody. Moreover, there is an inadequate investigation of the case by the law enforcer, which leads to a wrong court judgment. It is clear that some of these morals issues referred to in these two areas are, as a result, of recklessness and indiscipline. Others are due to the dilemma and long term relationship. Some of the breaches are due to lack of skills or even pressure, which affects their reasoning capability. The only necessary measures to address corruption would be, to ensure there is a regular transfer of the officials. This process will give them no room to establish a relationship with local people. Enough time should be providing for the investigations. More than one department of law enforcement should be pulled in carrying out the study of a given case. Regular training of the officers and discipline drills should be carried out on prisoner handling. Clear guideline as to when the firearm is to be used should be appropriately described. Review of judgments delivered by the Court should also be carried out by the superiors to confirm that no law has been breached.

Social Housing Provision Changes Since 1980

Social Housing Provision Changes Since 1980 Changes in the Organisation and Provision of Social Housing Since 1980 Abstract Did the Housing Act of 1980, which granted tenants the right to buy council property, along with other housing policy geared towards a neo-liberal attitude to economics and the housing market, such as the stock transfer from local authorities to housing associations, the direct payment of housing benefit into tenants accounts and rent increases due to deregulation eventually lead to increased social polarisation between rich and poor and, in particular, homelessness in urban environments? If so, how did this happen and what were the implications of this policy on the present housing climate? Introduction to Problem The Housing Act of 1980 was a flagship policy by the newly elected Conservative government. It allowed five million tenants the right to buy their council house from the local authority at a reduced rate. This opportunity to buy was extended further in years to come, and was used primarily as a means to reduce the amount of council owned housing in favour of a number of other economic models more conducive to the right wing Conservative party ideology. The central principles of the right to buy policy, intended to reduce the amount of publicly owned housing stock, was eventually extended to include initiatives for councils to voluntarily give up their hold on their housing property. This included the allowance of private landlord ownership, the selling of council property though voluntary transfers, and also continued into present Blairite policy with the Arms Length Management Association. While the 1980 Housing Act provided revenue for run down council estates and their tenants, an d also allowed working-class tenants an opportunity to get onto the property ladder, it also contributed to fuelling a growing minority of underclass citizens, who were deprived of the council housing stock on which they were previously reliant, and were subsequently forced into a cycle of unemployment and homelessness. Although housing stock was overinflated in comparison to other capitalist countries in the 1980s, and the Housing Act was initially beneficial in many ways to the owner of the housing association. Other policies that directly affected housing stock also reflected this trend towards neo-liberalism and a policy of equal responsibility, whether the citizen was rich or poor. These policies include the stock transfer from local authorities to housing associations, rent increases due to the deregulation of the housing sector and the payment of housing benefit directly into a tenants bank account rather than to the landlord. This resulted in an increase in homelessness and social polarisation between the rich and poor. Literature Review A great deal of literature has been written on how Thatcherism has affected British housing and the effects that this had on the development of homelessness. The British Political Process: An Introduction (Wright, 2000, pp. 30-3), along with Jean Conways Housing Policy (2000) offer a good general overview of the policies forwarded and their effects this had on the power of local councils, as well as an analysis of their motivations for instigating these privatisation policies. Wright includes some details on how the Housing Acts tended to profit smaller, richer rural councils to the detrement of poorer communities, and both books go into detail about the 1988 and 1989 Housing Acts, the latter of which forced council rents up, which meant that they were unable to fund any major repairs or new building on their housing stock. Anne Power (1993) in Hovels to High Rise stresses that the right to buy polarised the market because it left behind those who aspired to buying their council hous e, but couldnt afford it. Similarly, Andy Thornley (1992) in The Crisis of London comments that, despite the intentions for right to buy to raise revenues to fund the regeneration of squalid and neglected housing estates, very little money was actually raised to reinvest in council housing because of the restrictions in place on capital receipts (p. 15). This, coupled with the deregulation of the private rented sector of the housing market in the Housing Act of 1988, led to a substantial increase of the price of rental accommodation and an increased inability for people on lower incomes to pay their housing associated costs (pp. 10-24). Tim Blackman (1995) in Urban Policy in Practice also comments that because the better parts of Britains publicly owned housing stock has been sold off, many of Britains remaining council estates have effectively become welfare ghettos (p. 153), and rife with drugs, poverty and squalid housing. Keith Dowding and Desmond Kings Rooflessness in London (Policy Studies Journal, Vol. 28, 2000) focuses on the difficulty of getting a coherent study of homelessness because of the ambiguity of the terminology homelessness which, in British law, excludes almost everybody. They argue the problem with the term intentionally homeless, a term used in the 1977 Housing (Homeless Persons) Act. This concept of intentionally homeless is used to varying degree of exactitude by different councils. Johnston Birchall (1992) comments how this varies wildly from council to council (p. 142). David Robertson (1998, p. 14) comments how this judicial discretion is often used to deliberately introduce ambiguity into policy and law, allowing for councils to absolve their obligation to house the homeless. Alison Ravetz (2001, p. 199-204) argues further that the extreme right agenda of Conservative policy combined with the 1977 Housing Act, which changed the way housing was allocated based on priority, ensu red that the priority homeless began to usurp ordinary council house waiting lists. Paradoxically, because these people were in themselves labelled as a priority for councils, potential tenants would become homeless simply in order to qualify for housing. As the number of publicly owned council houses decreased, this increased the numbers of homeless people in Britain at the time. Loveland (1995) in Housing Homeless Persons argues that the right to buy also degraded the remaining housing stock, as the properties sold tended to be in more desirable areas, and also, even at a discounted rate, only the more affluent tenants could afford to buy (p. 35). MacEwan (1991) in Housing, Race and Law mentions that the incidence of building society repossessions increased in districts responsible for Housing (Homeless Persons) provisions from 218 in 1979 to 748 in 1987, half of which were former council houses bought under the right to buy. The effects of the various Housing Acts passed by the C onservative Government on the elusive statistic of homelessness is variable. Tim Blackman in Urban Policy in Practice comments on the GNI (Generalised Needs Index), which is used to assist councils in allocating funds to housing stock (p. 97). Methodology The problem of homelessness in Britain is twofold. First, it has been very difficult to statistically measure homelessness. Many homeless people are disillusioned and unaware of their rights to apply for housing. Also, the 1977 Housing (Homeless Persons) Act uses the problematic statement of intentionally homeless which can be used in many different guises. Thus, this study of the effects of homelessness in Britain will have to take this into account, and the wildly varying statistics on homelessness testify this difficulty. However, it is safe to assume that the housing policy has led to an increased number of homeless people in Britain. This dissertation will look at the existing literature on homelessness in the 1980s, of which a great deal has been written. Secondly, the problem with homelessness and the underclass in general is that they occupy a class on the fringes of society and therefore, are not easily put into traditional catgories of class or structure. In order to eschew these difficulties with information presently available, it may be apt to conduct an independent study of homelessness, via the means of a questionnaire. This could either target the street homeless, the advantage of this method being that the questionnaire would be more quickly implemented, or else a random cross-section of society. The advantages of this method would be that it would take into account the innate elusiveness of the homeless section of society. Conclusions/Implications Thatcherism and right wing policy has led to a minorty of underclass people. Due to the strict enforcement of Thatcherite and neo-liberal housing policy that has degraded council housing stock, deregulated private sector rental markets and sold off much of the higher quality housing stock and led to a ghettoisation of many more run-down council estates, especially in urban areas of Britain. This dissertation will look primarily at the effects this has on generating an underclass of homelessness. The implications of this study will be to chart how the implementation of right wing housing policy has generated and exacerbated the continued dependency of the underclass. Bibliography Birchall, J., Housing Policy in the 1990s, (London: Routledge, 2000) Blackman, T., Urban Theory in Practice, (London: Routledge, 1995) Burrows, R., Please, N., Quilgars, D., Homelessness and Social Policy, (London: Routledge, 1997) Conway, J., Housing Policy, (London: Gildredge, 2000) Dowding, K., King, D., Rooflessness in London from Policy Studies Journal, Vol. 28, 2000 Loveland, I., Housing Homeless Persons: Administrative Law and the Administrative Process, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995) MacEwan, M., Housing, Race and Law, (London: Routledge, 1991) Ravetz, A., Council Housing and Culture, (London: Routledge, 2001) Robertson, D., Judicial Discretion in the House of Lords, (London: Clarendon Press, 1990) Thornley, A., The Crisis of London, (London: Routledge, 1992) Wright, T., The British Political Process, (London: Routledge, 2000)

Fast Food Popularity

Fast food is a huge growth in our country. Fast food restaurants are constantly trying to increase their popularity growth by lowering prices and getting faster food service technology. With this said there is a huge competition between fast food restaurants all around increasing there popularity. There are many key factors to the reasons why popularity of fast food keeps on growing. It is believed that price may be a contributing factor to the increase in popularity of fast food. However, laziness is the main cause.Fast food restaurants can make a whole meal in just minutes unlike making food at home. The time it takes us to buy and cook food, fast food restaurants can make a large group of people food. People these days are becoming lazier because of the amount of inventions people are making and the way everything is becoming less complicated. What makes people lazy, when going to a fast food restaurant instead of cooking, is that they will drive to get there food then wait for it to be cooked and then drive home and eat it.That shows how they are just too lazy to get up and cook their own food. The technology fast food providers are coming out with is making them faster and faster which is also increasing the amount of popularity of each restaurant. The time it takes to get our food is a big factor in the growth of that restaurant. Fast Food restaurants are located almost everywhere you drive in the United States and more. With fast food restaurants pretty much everywhere, it makes them even more popular.There is a bigger selection of fast food restaurants then there are stores to buy food at. Almost every road we drive on has advertisement of a fast food restaurant on a sign. Even television has many advertisements that grab children’s attention as well as others. There are approximately 65 different types of fast food restaurants internationally. That is not including all the Mexican, pizza, ice-cream and so on. With this number of restaurants to c hoose from it makes people have an easy choice of where to go.The price we pay to make food at home don’t compare to a one dollar burger at a Fast Food restaurant. Cheap food is a great way to getting the popularity of a restaurant to grow. People don’t like spending a lot of money on food so they have the choice of a dollar menu at most fast food restaurants. Some people don’t make as much money as others which makes them decide to go the cheap way out by buying fast food instead of having to pay more to get a homemade dinner. Although the meal may not be as healthy as a homemade meal, the price pays off in their mind.Some days we just are too busy to be able to cook so the first thing that comes to mind is Fast Food. People who are lazy sitting at home don’t feel like getting up or doing anything, so they just call a fast food place to deliver food straight to their door. Some people even don’t have the time to make their own lunch in the morning so they just get in there car and go through a drive through. When sitting at home and watching television, people don’t feel like cooking and just go grab something to eat at a fast food restaurant instead.

New York Times Annotated Bibliography Essay

6 September, 2008. â€Å"U. S. Jobless Rate Rises Past 6%, Highest Since ‘03. † Uchitelle, Louis. New York Times. This article informs about the fact that the unemployment rate reached its highest level since 2003; causing workers to worry about the fact that many of them will be jobless and also centers on the high unemployment rate became one of the centers of the presidential debates. This article relates to our course since it suggests how unemployment can affect the economy as a whole and how inflation impacts the job status of a society. The article is also relevant to our course because it also gives the opinion of both McCain and Obama on the unemployment escalation and gives a glimpse of what both candidates would do about it. 9 September, 2008. â€Å"Who Else Can Pile on for a Federal Rescue? † Schwartz, Nelson D. New York Times. This article informs about the federal rescue of the companies Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae. The article also informs about the automakers worries and the bailout plans that Washington D. C. has proposed to help automakers out of the same financial crunch. It further opens a debate of whether or not we should allow companies to fail or if we should bail them out as has been proposed by some. This article relates to our course since it suggests that in our market economy we should be realistic enough to realize that at times companies do fail and that economic bail out plans are good as a quick fix but they fall short in the long term. Often we like to think that big business is above the common failings, but as we see from the recent events, big business is no longer an elite thing. It is just what it has always been, businesses that have been built over years with the hard work of the owners. Big business is no different then the small company and in this tough economic times this is spelled out clearly. 13 September, 2008. â€Å"Off the Charts: The Return of the Misery Index. † Norris, Floyd. New York Times. This article informs about the â€Å"misery index†. The misery index is the sum of the inflation rate and the unemployment rate over the preceding 12 months. The misery rate hasn’t been seen since the Carter administration, but yet in this year both rates have seen to be rising. The article also looks at how the misery index has risen in the past during the past presidencies. This article relates to our course since it suggests unless something is done, we are likely to not see an improvement in either the inflation rate or the unemployment rate. The article also is relevant to the course since it suggests by looking at this index we can have a very good gauge of how our economic atmosphere will fare in the coming months. 15 September, 2008. â€Å"A Video Contest To Illustrate Democracy. † Cohen, Noam. New York Times. This article informs about the International Democracy Day and the video contest that was created in conjunction with this day. The video contest offers students and people around the world the chance to say what democracy means to them. This article relates to our course since it talks about the importance of democracy on the global and business stage. Democracy is not just an American concept but one that transcends our country. The article also talks about the companies that are helping with this contest. The companies include NBC and YouTube. The partnership between these companies act as a hallmark for all of us because they are showing that everyone from all walks of life cars about democracy and through democracy we can work together. 18 September, 2008. â€Å"As Fears Grow, Wall St. Titans See Shares Fall. † White, Ben and Dash, Eric. Contributed reporting by Sorokin, Andrew R. New York Times. This article informs about the failing of Wall Street titans like Morgan Stanely and Goldman Sachs. The fear that other company could face the same fate as these giants has spread through Wall Street in the last few months. It is estimated that globally there are losses in the 100 billions as far as stocks are concerned. This article relates to our course since it suggests that the failure of investment firms such as Morgan Stanley affects not only the market here in the United States but also has an impact on the global market as well. We tend to forget when we think about our own economic bad times, that other countries the world over are also experiencing the same economic crunch. 23 September, 2008. â€Å"With Politics in the Air, a Freedom Free-for-All Comes to Town. † Cotter, Holland. New York Times. This article informs about an art exhibit that was going on at the Park Avenue Armory during the middle of September. This exhibit is a tongue-in-cheek look at the political system and demonstrates the true meaning of democracy: the right for people to express their views, no matter how differently they do it, and to show other people a different side to every subject. The art exhibit used speeches, music and silly hats to give people another side to the political elections. This article relates to our course since it suggests that elections and democracy can be talked about in a completely non-partisan, non-electoral but still intensely political way. People who went to the exhibit also got a first hand look at how the freedoms of our country allow for people to express themselves in the ways that they want to, which is what democracy is all about. 25 September, 2008. â€Å"Criticizing Capitalism From the Pulpit. † Pfanner, Eric. New York Times. This article informs about how even religious leaders have joined the crusade in criticizing America’s rogue style of capitalism. World religious leaders have taken the fall of Wall Street icons and used that as a means for criticizing the cowboy style of economics that America has been globally portrayed to utilize. This article relates to our course since it suggests that even a pulpit is a place where economics and business standards can be discussed from. Religion is as far from economics as one can get yet this article clearly shows that the global economics pictures is something that is on everyone’s mind, no matter where they live or what they do. We tend to forget that all things are connected and this article clearly shows us that everything in life is connected and has a more far reaching affect then we first may think. 1 October, 2008. â€Å"Brother, Can You Spare a Loan? † Tarquino, J. Alex. New York Times. This article informs about the credit crisis that the small business and individuals have faced in the last few months. The article also talks about the speculation of many in the business world that the escalation towards the credit crisis will only get worse and will eventually be the death of the small businessman. The article ends by saying that the saddest day for America will be the day that small business does die in this country. This article relates to our course since it suggests that in these frightening economic times we could see the end of the small business. American was founded on the ideals that anyone could make their dreams come true and if the credit crisis totally obliterates the small business it will be a sad day indeed for America. 3 October, 2008. â€Å"As Economy Weakens, Federal Reserve Officials Consider Lowering Rates. † Andrews, Edmund L. New York Times. This article informs about the Federal Reserve’s feelings on the Bush administrations economic bailout plan. According to the Fed, even if the bail out is approved it is too little to late and will do hardly nothing to stop the economic slow down from happening. The reason, in the Fed’s eyes, is that financial institutions are fearful of lending out cash and making bad investments. This article relates to our course since it suggests that the economic slow down affects everyone in our economic atmosphere. It also allows people to see how the Federal Reserve is interpreting what is happening so that the average citizen can gauge what they should do in this economic turmoil. 4 October, 2008. â€Å"End of an Era on Wall Street: Goodbye to All That. † Arango, Tim and Creswell, Julie. New York Times. This article informs about theft of a bronze bust of a saloon owner on Hanover Street. The saloon was a frequent favorite of Wall Street execs and the theft happened just as Wall Street was swept up in the financial whirlwind of economic troubles. This article isn’t about a theft of a statue, but more indicative of the times that we are living in when someone would take a well loved art piece, bound with tradition, to perhaps make a quick buck. This article relates to our course since it suggests that the traditions and ideals of Wall Street are slowly falling by the wayside as the economic crunch gets tighter. Wall Street has always been steeped in economic traction, but the theft of this well loved art piece shows that even tradition can be trampled in the hopes of making some money to pay your bills. 12 October, 2008. â€Å"Finance Students Keep Their Job Hopes Alive. † Leland, John. Contributed Reporting by Fairbanks, Amanda M. ; Koppel, Niko; and Zezima, Katie. New York Times. This article informs about the current job outlook for those who are thinking of making finance a possible career. The article talks about how for many business majors law school seems a viable option now more then ever. Others look at the current economic situation as just something they shouldn’t worry about since they have already figured that they will change jobs five or six times in their careers. This article relates to our course since as people who have made business our major (or for those who this is a first class and they haven’t made up their minds on this as a major) it is important to take a look at the job outlook that we will have to look forward to in the coming years. 14 October, 2008. â€Å"Commodity Prices Tumble. † Krauss, Clifford. New York Times. This article informs about how the global financial panic and economic slowdown has lead an end to the commodity bull market that we have seen in the last seven years. This ending of the commodity market has sent prices on the raw ingredients (such as oil) of the world economy tumbling to an all time low. This article relates to our course since it suggests that we don’t just have economic worries here in the United States, but that other countries are also worried about the current state of the economic situation. The United States is part of a broader wide sweeping world economy and the economic slowdown is not just affecting things here at home but also globally. This article clearly gives the reader a better idea of how the United States fits into the broader global economy. In our own economic hard times we tend forget that we are not alone, but are facing the same issues that other countries are. 19 October, 2008. â€Å"The Guys From ‘Government Sachs’. † Creswell, Julie and White, Ben. New York Times. This article informs about how Treasury secretary Paulson used his former firm of Goldman Sachs as a means to investigate what was happening on Wall Street prior to the financial difficulties. It also raises eyebrows and speculates about the amount of participation Goldman Sachs is being perceived to have in the Treasury Department. This article relates to our course since it speculates on corporate interference in a governmental department. In the world economics, such speculation is something that we have to watch carefully so that the economic system is not stained in anyway. When companies interfere with the running of government departments, it makes all actions that have sprung out of that suspect. By bringing Goldman Sachs into the Treasury, Paulson has created a suspicious circumstance that we all should learn from. That above all else is what should be learned from this article. 22 October, 2008. â€Å"China, an Engine of Growth, Faces a Global Slump. † Yardley, Jim and Bradsher, Keith. New York Times. This article informs about the slump in economic level of China. Always seen as the world’s workshop, the threat of global recession has many wondering if the prevailing Communist Party has the wherewithal to stop the further economic decline of China. The article makes a nice point in saying that China is the world economy gauge for how the economic slowdown will eventually affect everyone. This article relates to our course since it informs on how one country is dealing with the long reaching effects of the global financial slowdown. It is interesting to see how one country is going to deal with this global issue because then other countries have a blueprint by which to also take action. 28 October, 2008. â€Å"Denmark Is Rethinking It’s Spurning of the Euro. † Dougherty, Carter. New York Times. This article informs about looking closely at one country and the effect that the global financial situation has on it. Denmark, a country formerly against the euro, now is rethinking things because of the ice cold credit situations of the banks of Denmark. As it stands now a bare majority of Danes do back the adoption of the Euro. This article relates to our course since it suggests that countries that were previously opposed to a financial idea may now have to rethink their opposition as the global economy faces this slowdown. Every country has to figure out ways in which they are going to deal with the global financial crunch. It also relates to this class because it shows us how as a global economy we are all in the same boat. 29 October, 2008. â€Å"Paterson Sees a Budget Gap $47 Billion. † Hakim, Danny and Peters, Jeremy W. New York Times. This article informs about the deficit that the state of New York is facing and the loss of job in the 100,000 in the private sector. The article also suggests the ways in which the state plans on fixing the deficit. Deficits are something that we as a society have to watch carefully especially in these economically unstable times. This article relates to our course since it suggests that everyone, from the state level to the private sector, is affected by the financial crunch that is being seen globally as well as here at home. We tend to forget when we look at big businesses that the private sector is just as affected and this article gives us a glimpse into this fact. We all tend to forget that big business is run by people and people do make mistakes. 31 October, 2008. â€Å"Economy Shrinks With Consumers Leading the Way. † Goodman, Peter S. ; contributing reporting by Norris, Floyd and Zeleny, Jeff. New York Times. This article informs about how the drop in the economy is a bad precursor to the coming holiday seasons. Consumers who are being laid off and having their hours cut have less to spend this holiday season and this is being reflected in the economy more then ever. This especially hits home as we think about the upcoming holiday season, a time when consumer spending is at a high point. This article relates to our course since it shows how the economy is really a circular relationship. The consumer has to work to make money, but no job or less working hours leads to zero money to be spent. This article is important because everything in the world of business and life are interconnected and this article is a very good example of that idea. 4 November, 2008. â€Å"Wall Street’s Extreme Sport: In Modeling Risk, the Human Factor Was Left Out. † Lohr, Steve. New York Times. This article informs about how the risk models that have been used on Wall Street for years have failed due to not being applied, managed, or even understood. Technology that has been made use of on Wall Street has gotten ahead of our ability to act responsible. Often, we forget that technology is only as good as the people that run it, and as such has the capacity for many risks. This article relates to our course since it suggests that risk factors that are associated with the economic downturn come from every sector and that they have a more far reaching concern then we first thought. Risk factors are important to look at since by seeing where the risks have been in a situation, we can hopefully in the future prevent the same economic situation from happening again. 8 November, 2008. â€Å"Colleges Rich and Poor Strain to Respond in Tough Times. † Lewin, Tamar. New York Times. This article informs about how colleges are more then ever struggling to meet the financial needs of students. In the past, the majority of college students were able to fund their education through scholarships that the colleges and universities offered. In this tough economic time, that no longer looks like it will be an option. Students will have to rely more on grants (which may be just as limited), loans and paying out of pocket. This article relates to our course since it hits close to home about how the financial crisis that we are seeing everywhere even affects those of us in college. Previously, being in college meant all you had to do was study hard for finals. Now, though, even college students are feeling the economic burden. 9 November, 2008. â€Å"Remember That Capitalism is More Then a Spectator Sport. † Blinder, Alan S. New York Times. This article informs about the daunting tasks that are ahead for president elect Obama. Among these tasks are to restore a sense of fairness in and faith to our economic system. This article relates to our course since it gives a nice overview of how President-elect Obama needs to go about restoring the faith of he American people in the tattered economic system that has failed us time and again. In watching the elections, President-elect Obama made a lot of nice speeches about what he plans to do, and this article gives us a first glimpse of rather he will be successful or not. I think it is also a nice all inclusive article that sums up the ideals that we have been studying in this course.

The Dilemma Of Masculinity Versus Career Paths - 1702 Words

Since the 20th century, there has been the dilemma of masculinity versus career paths. Women were expected to be teachers, nurses, etc., just because that s the role they had in society for decades before that. Men, and still are, expected to go into a career field that pays a lot of money so they can provide for their families. Those career fields are still usually STEM related. Engineers, scientists, mathematicians, doctors, lawyers, etc. It s not just because the individual wants to go into that field. There are outside factors pushing him/her to subconsciously go into that field. Whether it be peer pressure, gender bias, gender stereotypes, even career stereotypes, it can drive a person away from the field they want to†¦show more content†¦Women are surrounded by biases and stereotypes from a young age, whether it be in the media or family influences. In pop culture, woman are usually powerful lawyers or nurses, with a bit of a struggle most of the time; and men, when acting as a programmer, are portrayed as geeky shut-ins. This decreases a young girl s likelihood to become interested in math and science. It also reduces the amount of young female adults that choose to go into a STEM-based career. Since young women don t often go into the field, there are very few female role models for young girls to look up to. If there were more motivation and less forced stereotypes, there would be more women in the STEM field. Argument Gender Stereotypes Anyone, let alone a woman, can go into a field confident of his or herself when everyone is constantly judging your abilities based on your gender. In fact, we are surrounded by gender stereotypes from the time we are born. For example: boys get blue blankets and bedrooms filled with toy cars and tools. Girls get pink blankets and bedrooms filled with dolls and little dollhouses. Sure, the kids grow out of it and exchange their toys for other things. For example, journals, musical instruments, or skateboards. But it s a common knowledge rule of thumb that newborn baby boys get swaddled in light blue