Critical Film Review on Blood Diamond Essay

A movie filled with shark and unforgettable moments truly gels the substance. It portrays different motives and goals and how each character changes his methodology and ways but the dream remains the same. Each follows his dream and then realizes it. It portrays the various reasons that make a person into a killer. Some do it for survival, some to protect their family, some to escape their life, some for greed, some to win freedom and some because they have been brainwashed. The movie begins with Soloman Vandy played by Djimon Hounson being captured by the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) rebels when they invade the small Sierra Leonian village of Shenge. He is separated from his family while his son Dia is brainwashed that turns him into a killer. The movie revolves around two African men, Archer and Vandy with two completely different histories and then their fates become joined in a combined quest to recover a pink diamond. Danny Archer (Leonardo DiCaprio), an Anglo ex-mercenary from Rhodesia gets caught while smuggling diamonds and an American journalist Maddy Bowen (Jennifer Connelly) who helps Soloman find his family and covers her entire journey and publishes the truth behind the diamond industry. The movie shot in South Africa and Mozambique is an adventurous, thriller movie with strong violence and social conscience, disturbing political and sociological insights. It shows a lot of bloodbath, atrocities, innocence of the farmers and the villagers and political unrest. It gives clear images of human cruelty and sufferings. I as an audience felt waves of different emotions, hope, pride, fear, mistrust, desperation and determination. I felt that each of the characters grew as the film progressed without being overly manipulative. The whole time it builds this tension if either of the two men will betray each other. The film is intended to be watched by all adults as it is an eye opener and gives us an opportunity to see the side of history we were not aware of. It covers the different social levels ranging from the big diamond tycoons to the poor farmers and villagers with journalist and diamond dealers in the middle. The movie brought an explosive impact on the diamond industry. Background knowledge The film puts a new spin to the diamond industry and the expensive, pricey stone that we wear around our neck and on our fingers. Set in the West African country of Sierra Leone during the 1990s, this movie is a historical-adventure-drama that covers a time when the country was in turmoil. Warlords, smugglers and the diamond association all play roles in killing and enslaving men to work on the diamond fields. The title ‘Blood Diamond’ refers to diamonds which are harvested, smuggled and traded to fund the purchase of weapons used in Civil War. Blood diamonds are stones that are increased the death toll and the violence in the region. The movie carefully conveys the message without really lecturing the audience. A right balance is maintained between a historical event and an action-drama entertainment. The movie shows Maddy Bowen publishing in her magazine the complete story of her journey which later led to a conference on blood diamonds that actually took place in 2000 in Kimberly, South Africa. The conference led to the Kimberly Process Certification Scheme that seeks to certify the origin of diamonds in order to curb the trade and smuggling of conflict diamonds. Conclusion A captivating plotline and an outstanding cast performance are few words that describe the movie. The movie captures the reality to a remarkable degree. I think it comes at par with other movies I have seen like Hotel Rwanda. There is a great deal of violence which is realistic and very fitting to what happened. Sierra Leone, one of the safest countries in the world gets involved in a civil war. I feel that the movie very accurately tells about the diamond conflict. I feel that Di Caprio did justice to his role, Connelly’s role was short but she was able to make the most of it and Housou truly deserves the Oscar. The ending was simply superb when Di Caprio dies in the mountains. It adds a realistic touch and is very sad as we see that he finally gets what he had dreamt of but he could not cherish it for long. The positive aspects of the movie far outweigh the negative bits. I felt the movie was a little outstretched and the length bogged it down a little instead of strengthening it. The conflict of diamonds, the conflict of Africa keeps you wondering if peace and harmony can ever be attained world wide. It left me with a thought of how violence can be put to an end and how these giant corporations be made to serve the third world, under developed countries and not vice versa. Reference http://www. moviehabit. com/reviews/blo_lg06. shtml http://review-online. blogspot. com/2007/03/blood-diamond. html

Anthony Robles

â€Å"God made you this way for a reason†, this was told to a young boy by his mother who would later become something that no one would ever expect. On July 20, 1988, Anthony Robles came in the world there was just one problem that doctors didn’t understand when, Judy Robles, age 16, gave birth to a baby boy who was missing his right leg. Doctors could not explain what went wrong or why he was missing a leg, all the way up to the hip with no stump to attach a prosthetic limb.Doctors work on a prosthetic leg that would help Anthony but, he would rather just deal with how was he was born because as his mother always told him growing up that â€Å"God made him this way for a reason† and she made sure that no matter what he would believe it. Like all good mom’s she was correct and Anthony Robles finally learned he was made the way he was, when he was only the age of 14, in Mesa, Arizona, when he tried out for the wrestling team. Anthony first year was horribl e.Was Anthony the smallest kid on the team weighing in at a whopping ninety pounds but without question, was the worst wrestler; finishing his first year at 5-8 records and in last place at the Mesa City wrestling tournament. People started to believe that a tiny kid born with one leg who had to use crutches to get around, the worst wrestler in the city, would never excel in such a demanding sport and that it was just a waste of his time and the teams time to have him on the team.However, with the support of his family and coaches, Anthony Robles believed he could one day be a champion wrestler; he believed that he could be UNSTOPPABLE. He said the turning point was his sophomore year. â€Å"I took sixth in high school state thanks to his good friend, Chris Freije, who was the state champion that year, helped Anthony by wrestling against him in practice all the time and always beating him until Anthony one day finally beat Freije. Anthony wanted to be a state champion just like him and the best in the state.Despite various obstacles along the way and hard work mixed with desire, Anthony went from being last in the city to finishing his junior and senior years at Mesa High School with a 96-0 record, an overall record of 129-15 and 2-time Arizona State Champion and a high school National Champion. After Anthony, finishing with an awesome high school record, few college wrestling programs believed Anthony Robles could excel at the next level just because of the high level of the sport in the college ranks.They told him, †He was too small to wrestle in college and that a one legged wrestler could never compete with the nations best college wrestlers. â€Å" Remember thought what his mom said from day one about him â€Å"He was born the way he was for a reason†, so he believed he could do anything he set my mind to. Anthony walked onto the Arizona State University wrestling team to prove to the haters, and the world, anything was possible.Through tri als and hardships, both on and off the wrestling mat, Anthony Robles ended his college career on March 19, in Philadelphia, at the NCAA Division I Wrestling Championship vs. Matt McDonough the defending 125lbs national champion, of Iowa, in the final Anthony Robles was a national champion, and he was named the tournament's outstanding wrestler. Anthony finals win-loss total in his college was 122 wins and 22 loses, going 36-0 in his senior year and was a 3-time All-American and of course 2011 NCAA National Champion.Anthony Robles has become a motivational speaker, specifically for those who face similar handicaps like him which was one of his goals to tackle once his career was over but watch out for him because the 2016 Olympic games could happen Anthony is still training and could very well be apart of the games. Last year he won the Jimmy V Award for Perseverance and Best Male Athlete with a Disability, The Jimmy V Award is given to a â€Å"deserving member of the sporting world who has overcome great obstacles through physical perseverance and determination. Anthony gave thanks to his family and supporters and left everyone with his message: â€Å"Every soul who comes to earth with a leg or two at birth must wrestle his opponents knowing it's not what is, it's what can be that measures worth. Make it hard, just make it possible and through pain I'll not complain. My spirit is unconquerable, fearless I will face each foe, for I know I am capable. I don't care what's probable, through blood, sweat, and tears, I am unstoppable. Works Cited American Entertainment International Speakers Bureau. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. aeispeakers. com/speakerbio. php? SpeakerID=430 ESPN. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://sports. espn. go. com/espn/page2/story? id=6754598 USA TODAY. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. usatoday. com/sports/college/2011-03-21-anthony-robles-retires_N. htm Youtube. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=m3TdwPW9lrI

World Cup Airports Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

World Cup Airports - Essay Example Causes for this lopsided preference and the remedial steps to be taken need to receive attention. The next major issue is that of Aviation safety. Air Traffic Controllers constantly worry about the inadequacy of the equipment at their disposal for detecting incoming Aircraft, process their requests for landing in the most suitable manner and thus ensure the safety of the passengers. This brief paper looks at the efforts of the authorities in addressing both these concerns. There are many more issues, but owing to paucity of time and space, only these two are addressed here. The advances made in determining traffic volume that can be reallocated to other hubs, development of infrastructure to facilitate such change and the option of PPP model for this are examined here. The recent advances in ATC equipment and their expected impact on the Civil Aviation scene are discussed detail too. The turn of the Millennium is an appropriate time to think ahead, of the future, drawing on past experiences and current realities. No one can predict for sure the trends and forces that might emerge in the future. It for sure can be said that the rate of growth of aviation industry will be radically changed. That will be an awesome pace, considering the fact that the industry, one of the youngest of all, is barely a century old. Any consideration of the type of Aircraft of the future will ipso facto involve the consideration of the issues that that will be faced by Airports that will handle those craft, (Fife, 1998). The present paper attempts to examine the current issues that the aviation sector has identified in the areas of design and construction of airports. It is obvious that Airports considering the trends, the Airports will need to incorporate flexibility to adapt to rapid changes in technology and politico-economic factors which impact each other and the Airports’ functions. Invariably, every list of issues faced by Airports has Capacity and Delay as the

Colonial America's Most Wanted Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Colonial America's Most Wanted - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that slaves had a tendency to run away from their masters if they got a chance. In order to recapture escaped slaves, their masters would advertise details relating to the slave in highly descriptive forms so that they slaves could be captured and returned. The bounty for the slaves depended on the distance from their master’s property and how much the master valued a particular slave. Similarly, people who captured slaves would also advertise to return slaves to their owners in order to get rewarded. The runaway slave advertisements were often very descriptive. These details can be utilised to surmise historical facts from these advertisements. Various compilations of these advertisements exist but perhaps the most famous one are those compiled from various Virginia newspapers during the 18th and 19th centuries. Subtle differences exist between runaway slave advertisements from various regions and periods as well as from various new spapers. These differences can be used to elucidate differing attitudes and functions of slaves and slave owners around the United States. Evidence is referenced here and comparisons have been drawn in order to highlight regional variations in slavery and servitude in colonial America. After going through a number of advertisements for runaway slaves, the first thing to notice is that slaves could be other than African American too. There are references to native Indian, partially Spanish and other ethnic slaves who had escaped too. (Radford University) Reference may be made here to an advertisement in The Boston Newsletter dated July 23rd, 1716 for â€Å"an Indian named Min†. Similarly, another advertisement from The New York Gazette dated to October 2nd, 1749 concerns â€Å"a Spanish Mulatto fellow named George†. However, another thing to notice is the fact that slaves with ethnicities other than African American are more distinctly available in the coastal strips of the United States. Furthermore, other than regularly captured and sold out slaves from African jungles, certain slaves were previously free men. The previous advertisement for the Spanish man declares that he was previously a privateer. (Radford University) Again the slaves found in the south and Middle America regions were distinctly slaves for generations and were African American in ethnicity. These free men turned slaves are more distinctly noticeable in coastal American states especially New York and Boston that served as major harbours. Demographic differences also exist in the usage of slaves from state to state. While the plantation owners used slaves largely for tending to the crop and other such affairs, the slaves in the more urbanised backgrounds were house hold helpers. The slaves who helped out on farms were diverse in terms of their professions. While it is believed that most slaves on plantations were merely farm labourers, but slaves were employed elsewhere as well . There are advertisements for black smiths, chimney sweepers, wood workers, shoe makers etc. One such example is of an advertisement placed in The New York Gazette on September 25th, 1749 relating a runaway slave who â€Å"is a chimney sweeper†. Another similar example comes from an advertisement in The American Weekly Mercury on October 16th, 1729 where a runaway slave with the name of Mulato John is declared to be a â€Å"Shipwright by Trade†. In comparison, most runaway slave advertisements from the urban centres were for house workers. (Radford University) In terms of gender, most of the household slaves were young females. Most advertisements point to this fact. On such advertisement from The New York Gazette from November 13th, 1732 is about a slave girl named Sarah aged 24 years working in a home. Another advertiseme

Sensory Evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Sensory Evaluation - Essay Example (Gatchalian , 1975) Difference - The easiest to conduct and analyze. The method involves the presentation of a set of samples one at a time, in equally spaced intervals. Only one stimulus is being evaluated at any one time. A single sample is presented at a time but evaluation is passed on several samples which are successfully presented. Evaluation is based largely on pre-established "memory standards".(Pangborn, 1967) The first sample to be evaluated, coded "A" is the standard. The preceding samples will be identified whether it is same as sample coded "A" or "Not A" while memory is relied upon acquaintance with the "standard" would reduce the wide time elapsed needed for recall. This method can be used by expert tasters or consumers for product acceptance tests. This test is utilized in conditions where products of heterogeneous properties are to be compared for one homogeneous quality, e.g. products are different in all aspects except flaws. This test is used for product development, product compar ison and storage stability. Paired or Two-Sample Test Method - Two samples are presented at any one point for evaluation. Samples in pairs presented successively for evaluation. The panelists are asked if they find a "difference" or "no difference" between the pair of samples presented. Analysis of the results will establish if a difference exists between samples. If there is a difference, further tests could be done to establish the extent of the difference. This test can be used in the panel selection and in regular monitoring of the panel sensitivity. This test is used for product development and evaluation and product comparison. This test can also be used in the determination of the threshold difference. Duo-Trio Test - This method is a modification of the two sample and triangle tests, or a combination of single sample and paired comparison tests. Three samples are used, two of which are alike as in the triangle test. However, in this test, the control/reference sample is made known to the panelist and he is then asked to pick the sample similar to the control/reference. This test is used for difference tests needed in quality control to determine variations between batches of production; stored and fresh products and for product improvement and development studies. The Triangle Test - This method utilizes three samples at any one time with two of the samples being identical and the third different. The latter is the unknown. This test is used mainly for product development and improvement and quality control. This is used in storage studies and product improvement activities. This test can also be used for panel selection and training purposes and in instrument correlation. Category or Descriptive Sensory Test Hedonic Scale method is a measure of acceptability gauged from consumer reaction in terms of their degree of like or dislike for a given product under a given set of conditions. The evaluators' reactions are indicated by descriptive words on a scale. This test is used to detect small differences in the degree of liking for similar foods and to detect gross differences even when time, subject and test conditions are allowed to vary. (Amerine, et. al., 1965) Ranking for Preference or Consumer-Type Test - In this method, different samples are usually presented for preference judgment to untrained panels. This test is used

Two short stories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Two short stories - Essay Example Hecker’s protagonist, Rosaura evokes empathy among readers. Certainly, the circumstances of her life and the situation around which the story revolves may be alien to the reader but by expressing Rosaura’s simplest dreams and pleasures, Hecker incites identification with her. The daughter of a maid who, despite her mother’s constant efforts to remind her of the limitations of her socio-economic status, looks upon those around her with simple innocence, Rosaura’s acceptance of others leads her to assume their reciprocal acceptance of her. From the outset of the party, however, not to mention the events which followed, it was evident that there was no such acceptance. The little girl with the bow, Luciana’s cousin, refuses to believe Rosaura’s claims of friendship with her cousin and throughout much of the party, she is treated as a helper, not s an invited guest. The fact that she does not see this bit, instead, takes pride in being treated th at way, believing it a testament to the closeness of her relationship with the family, Rosaura’s innocence evokes our empathy because, suddenly, her experiences become ours and her naivety or gullibility become ours. Readers do not just sympathize with Rosaura but they empathize with her, feel her excitement throughout the party and, eventually feel her hurt and humiliation. Ironically, even as readers empathize with Rosaura, they sympathize with the story’s supposed protagonist, Senora Inà ©s. Possibly, this is largely die to the fact that Senora Inà ©s meant no harm and indeed, definitely did not intend to hurt Rosaura. Certainly, she did not treat her as an invited guest and singled her out throughout much of the party but she did not do so out of malice but under her assumption that this was the norm – after all Rosaura was the maid’s daughter. At the end of the

The Framemakers Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

The Framemakers - Case Study Example The Normans then leaves the family business to work out modalities for their personal business (Wesley, 2000). The case’s statement problem is therefore to determine the best business opportunity that can successfully meet the Norman’s ambition for expansion. Solving the problem would involve analysis of available alternatives (Wesley, 2000). The first alternative for the Normans is the family business that is already established but has little room for expansion. They can alternatively pursue the franchise business that has an already developed image but they will have to buy the goodwill and pay a regular commission from their revenues besides operational costs. The Normans can alternatively develop their own business. Even though this will have a slow start and would similarly require financial inputs, it is viable and has room for expansion (Wesley, 2000). The Normans should therefore work hard on the involveed modalities to set up their personal and independent business. This is because it has room for expansion and will be free from any form of external

Quality Standards Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Quality Standards - Essay Example The paper further provides a comparative analysis of the strategies adopted by the department before and after the abolishment of the CAAs. Introduction According to Cote (2009), the Quality Assurance (QA) systems used by the Nottinghamshire Fire & Rescue Services (FRS) have traditionally been developed from several important commitments and principles outlined by the government with regards to public services. The framework for QA is based primarily on developing long-term policies and strategies that deliver tangible outcomes without focusing solely on short-term issues. The quality of service provided is measured with respect to the satisfaction levels among citizens and whether they full all their requirements. As such, QA procedures and systems used by the Nottinghamshire FRS do not give any special preference towards providers. Improving efficiency and providing quicker services without any room for mediocrity are also other parameters that have been given due importance by the QA systems (Odpm, 2009). As the subsequent paragraphs will demonstrate, the Nottinghamshire FRS also realizes the crucial role of technology in its operations and has made some important investments to include technological developments within its internal workflows. From an economic perspective, Nottinghamshire has faced two major challenges over the preceding decade. PAC (2009) says that the region faces a low level of innovation and income levels when compared on a national scale which has resulted in fewer jobs within the private sector. Between 2008 and 2009, the local economy faced the greatest challenge from the financial crisis and global recession. This has increased unemployment and has affected several industrial sectors within Nottinghamshire. In this scenario, the public sector has emerged as a major provider of jobs in the country. In the case of the Nottinghamshire FRS, the situation presents a challenge in terms of providing quality service to citizens, planning for future expenses more carefully and creating more jobs within the existing financial constraints (Wilkinson, 2010). Another issue that faces the region is the rapidly aging population, which is expected to double by 2025 (Hessami, 2009). These demographic trends have prompted a long-term challenge to the Nottinghamshire FRS when planning future services. The FRS notes that elderly people are prone to depend more on rescue services then other age classes. Besides, the pressure from a larger elderly population, enhanced by age-related health problems and pensioner poverty, is only likely to increase their dependence on the FRS. The department has been working towards improving its response times in such cases and is contemplating several educational programs to instruct elderly people on the danger of dwelling fires, which have been noted as primary causes of mishaps among people aged above 80 (National UK Fire Statistics, 2009). This paper provides a discussion of the agency’s quality assessment performance before and after the abolition of the Comprehensive area assessments (CAA) introduced in 2009. Methodology The

Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 5

Questions - Essay Example He was interested by the fact that the species were different. He concluded that the species were different because they dwelled in different environments The concept of natural selection explains how species evolves and genes are passed from generation to the next. Darwin argues that a species can develop a functional advantage in that the species grows wing and learn to fly. He asserts that the offspring will inherit that advantage and pass it on to the offsprings. On the other hand, those who are disadvantaged but members of the same species will gradually die and live the superior members of the same species. Species preserve the functional advantage and that help the species to compete in the harsh environment. Darwin’s explanation of the origin of species in 1859 was criticized by Christians because they believed in God’s creation for six days. The natural selection was received with hostility because his ideas were not with alignment with biblical descriptions on how Adam and Eve were created. In addition, after the arrival of Darwin’s theory, scientists conflicted and they did not support the idea of evolution. A vector is a vehicle that transfers genetic materials to a target cell. The significance of vectors is to pass on the genes to the intended cell. For evolution to take place there has to be passage of genetic materials from one species to the other. Hence the vector facilitates the movement of biological traits from one generation to the other. Equilibrium is a principle that explains that genes remain the same from one generation to the other without any disturbing factor. If the situation remains constant then there will be evolution stability. However this can be affected by forces such as mutations, natural selection, non random mating, genetic drift and gene flow. Isolation can promote genetic divergence through mechanisms such as mutation, genetic drift and natural selection. Allopathic speciation is a

A Managerial Strategy Essay Example for Free

A Managerial Strategy Essay The principal purpose and function of healthcare organizations is to ensure that their services. Above all their duties is geared towards caring for their patient’s health and emphasize the ability of the organization to serve their patients skillfully and responsibly. Further, they offer different types of services which include medical and behavioral health care services, accordingly, this includes public and community health care programs and in the contemporary scenario, corporate power. As a matter of fact, it has been stressed in The Well-Managed Healthcare Organization that in order to ensure that a healthcare organization is really doing its task of safeguarding the health of its patients (and not really attracting them to be its client), a health organization should improve the quality of its services (Griffith White, 2006), which strengthens the argument of harnessing the managerial skills of healthcare practitioners. Moreover, it should also maintain a well-facilitated plant in which the patients are being accommodated.   Given with such instances, it highlights the perception that healthcare organizations are mandated to implement certain administrative methods to meet the mounting complications derived over by societal challenges (Griffith White, 2006). One of the cited feasible and efficient techniques in achieving managerial success is proper organization of the activities and the developmental plan of the entity.   It is through the alignment of program objectives that the goals are obtained and prevents the rise of problems which deals with conflicts or miscommunication. If the programs are aligned well, then the members of the organization shall have a clear vision on what to expect, and oversee necessary changes so as to improve their performance.   Simple logic basically revolves in the verity of the strategy; common problems arise when the organization has no definite goals which lead to disorientation. Similar to that of business entities, healthcare practitioners must also take the challenge of facing the waves of managerial confrontations. Reference Griffith, J. R., White, K. R. (2006). The Well-Managed Healthcare Organization (6th ed.). New York: Health Administration Press.

Re-patronage Intentions in Restaurants

Re-patronage Intentions in Restaurants The relationship between Dining attributes Customer satisfaction and Re-patronage Intentions in Restaurants ABSTRACT This Research is intended to study the relationship between dining attributes, customer satisfaction and customers re-patronage intentions in the perspective of the restaurant industry. The respondents were 105 restaurant patrons who completed the self constructed questionnaire. Optimal Scaling (CATREG) indicated that dining attributes and customer satisfaction has a positive association on customers re-patronage intentions. This analysis highlighted Dining Attributes and customer satisfaction is significant predictors to customers re-patronage intentions. As in comparison Customer Satisfaction is stronger predictor then Dining Attributes. Key words: Dining Attributes, Customer Satisfaction, Re-patronage Intentions, Restaurant Industry INTRODUCTION In this research the main focused is to find the direct effect of Dining attributes Customer satisfaction on Customers Re-patronage intentions in Restaurants Industry. The dining practice is the part of hospitality industry which is very complex as in term of customer satisfaction and expectation meet. This difficulty is due to the level of customer participation in the service procedure (Kandampully, 1997; Parasuraman, Zeithaml, Berry, 1985). Customers view of the dining perceptive is highly linked by intentions from the dealings with the service agent. Nightingale (1979). In the model in Figure 1, this shows the relationship between dining attributes customer satisfaction and Re-patronage intentions in restaurants. Also, the dining service classification is based in response of customer feedback, telling that service quality exist barely in the insight of the customer, not in that of service providers (Kandampully, 1997). As conclude that, understanding of customer wants about the dining practice becomes very essential part to in the success of restaurants. The purpose of study fold in two parts: one suggests that how important is dining attributes in term of Re-patronage intentions and second part suggest the customer satisfaction which leads Re-patronage intentions in restaurants. The role of dining attributes and customer satisfaction is very important for knowing the customer intentions, would they will visit to that restaurants again or not. Restaurants should focused not only quality food and service but to retain the level of satisfaction and like to delight the customer. Customer wants should be met and this way customer will feel satisfy and willing to come again in restaurants. In this dynamic environment meeting customer requirement is difficult task as it varies from customer to customer. Achieving the customer satisfactions will leads towards market share as well as loyalty towards your restaurants. Restaurant is like a brand in hospitality industry and to maintain the progress of brand its necessary to keep the effective measure in terms of customer demands and fulfillments. While considering the dining practice, dining attributes has large number of factors that influence the customers demands and satisfaction and in review of research there is food, service, ambience and convenience in corporate as part of research. Customer satisfaction is mostly measure as expectancy disconfirmation model which tells that if customers expectation met that shows customer is satisfied. To be in need of success of restaurants its very important for the manager of the restaurant to meet the customer requirements and demands should be fulfill as per customers perceptions. Dining practice is a combination of quality and service provided by restaurants providers. Basically the restaurants industry based on valuing to customer and their wants should be met. The general concept of dining experience is most critical while considering influential factor cause its not necessary the review research focused on all factors which are treated as dining factors. The point of view in this paper recommend that the customers dining decision whether to return back or not to revisit restaurant is the moment of final truth for the restaurateur, as contrasting to simply customers decision to revisit the restaurant. As Lowenstein (1995) conclude, it is one thing to be a magnet for the customers, but reasonably another to remain them returning. If we are to admit the notion, in consumer studies and marketing literature that come again or repurchase is an outcome of satisfaction, then the conclusion to revisit to the restaurant, while conducting this research observation made that customer decide to re-patronage on bases of performance met or expectation exceed. LITERATURE REVIEW Whether we live to eat or eat to live, food always plays a fundamental role in the lives of human being. The significance of foodstuff cannot be overstated from the physiological viewpoint; food gives us sustenance; while on the other hand from a psychological point of view food is classified as a basic need. Food can also characterize a product used to describe self-actualization. Therefore, individual can quarrel that above and beyond provided that nourishment food plays a variety of roles together at individual and group level (David Njite, 2005). Eating is observably a daily action and necessity for all human beings. Depending on individuals reason for eating at restaurants, individual intentionally or instinctively assess a multifarious set of attributes ahead of choosing a restaurant. The significance involved to these restaurant attributes is ultimately evaluated in the patrons mind, leading to a decision of purchasing. Some factors, like age, company and even social division come into take part in to amplify these attributes as the customer makes a decision of purchase (David Njite, 2005). In todays fast rapidity and progressively more competitive market, the base line of a firms promotion and marketing strategies, tactics and procedure is to make profits and add to the growth of the company. Customer satisfaction, contentment, quality of the service, excellence and retention are global matter that influences all organizations. This include all type of organizations, it can be large or small, global or local profit or non-profit, services provider (Yap Sheau Fen, Kew Mei Lian). The restaurant industry has undoubtedly not been free from either augmented competition or from increasing customer expectations regarding quality. In the greatly competitive food industry, large operators chain have a propensity to gain competitive gain in the course of cost leadership, likely only due to standardization and economies of scale beginning from large market shares, while smaller, independent restaurants on the other hand endeavor to gain benefit through differentiation (Yun Lok Lee and Nerilee Hing, 1995). The food industry is highly aggressive and patrons have also become more demanding due to sufficient knowledge and information they have about the different trends in restaurant industry which causes increase the significance of effective marketing strategies to get the competitive advantage in order to understand the wants and needs of the customers (David Njite, 2005). Numerous companies are paying attention in studying, assessing and implementing the marketing strategies with the aim of gaining maximum market share of customers and improving customer retention in analysis of the advantageous effects on the monetary performance for the organization. Customer satisfaction, contentment, quality of the service, excellence and retention are global matter that influences all organizations. This include all type of organizations, it can be large or small, global or local profit or non-profit (Yap Sheau Fen, Kew Mei Lian). Customer satisfaction is defined as the consumers fulfillment response. It is a judgment that the service or product features, its attributes provided a delightful level of consumption associated achievement including levels of under fulfillment or over fulfillment (Jochen Wirtz, Anna s. Mattila, Rachel l. P. Tan, 2000).This definition of satisfaction proposes that the assessment method covers the whole utilization experience. This feature is essential in the learning of consumer satisfaction in services, given the empirical, interactive character of service encounter (Bateson and Hoffman, 1999). Customer satisfaction is a key element for the planning of the marketing in view of the fact that satisfaction does sway customers intention to re-patronage the restaurant. Therefore, marketers are supposed to look into the issues that would have an effect on customer satisfaction intensity. Besides, as customer prospect are altering over time and it is advised to determine the customer satisfaction and expectation on regular basis and grip complaints timely and effectively (Yap Sheau Fen, Kew Mei Lian). Customer satisfaction is regularly used as a sign of whether patrons will come back to a restaurant. Whereas there is no agreement of a satisfied customers repeat visit, it is nearly certain that a not satisfied patron will not return. A study of the basics or attributes of patron satisfaction be supposed to give indication concerning what action a restaurant service manager must take to raise the probability that patrons will appear back. It appears that study is not often concluded that the remarkable rate of malfunction in the restaurant service industry advices that the management can find the targets of converting patron satisfaction into financial achievement a vague one. We accept as true that restaurant failures are partially a consequence of managements lack of strategic direction in determining and focusing on customer contentment and satisfaction (Dube, Laurette, Renaghan, Leo M, Miller, Jane M, 1994) The majority of the preceding customer satisfaction researches are mentioned in the literature that has pay attention on recognizing the resource of customer contentment such as characteristic and attributes and on determining useful ways to establish consumers desires, wants and needs. On the other hand, significant dissimilarity comes out in the level of specify of the characteristic investigated (JaksÃÆ'?a Kivela, Robert Inbakaran, John Reece, 1999). Customer satisfaction is vital to the restaurant management for the reason that it is normally assumed to be a noteworthy determinant of replicate sales, customer loyalty and affirmative word of mouth. The more pleased the customers, the larger are their retention (Anderson and Sullivan, 1993). The impacts of customer satisfaction on customer retention are bringing into being to be momentous and positive. Specially, the customer satisfaction will influence the re patronage intentions (Taylor, S. A., and Baker, 1994). Quality is defined as a nil defects doing it right for the first time. Information and knowledge about goods quality is inadequate to recognize service quality. In customers mind when there is no defect in the overall dining service, then they consider the quality of the food is good enough for them (Parasuraman et al., 1985). Quality is all about eliminating internal failures that means all shortcomings before the product leaves from the factory and the external failures are the defects after usage of the product (Garvin 1983). In Early research and study efforts in measuring and defining quality were mainly centred in the tangible goods, whereas the apparently more complicated services products was ignored. Products quality was conventionally correlated to the technical stipulation of products, with the most description of quality coming up from the manufacturing goods sector where excellence and quality control has inward drawn out awareness and research (Gronroos, 1990). The significance of elevated quality service given to business success, there are various prospective benefits for the management of restaurants from performing a customer-based assessment of the service quality veteran at their organization. In restaurant industry, the intangible nature of services means that particular specifications for the homogeneous quality of service are complicated if at all probable to set. This sometimes put together it difficult for restaurant managers, workforce and patrons to calculate, measure, assessment or confirm service productivity and service quality (Yun Lok Lee and Nerilee Hing, 1995). A restaurant service engages a route or a performance in which customers are involved in the overall service production process. This happens due to the interaction of the consumers with the service surroundings and personnel throughout the utilization experience, understanding consumers sentimental response become vital in replicating satisfaction in a service locale. Earlier research in services has made known that affective processes throughout the consumption phase might play a straight, unmediated role in determining customer satisfaction (Liljander and Strandvik, 1996). Quantifying service quality is a difficult task because the idea of service quality is intrinsically insubstantial in nature and complicated to define (Kandampully, 1997).The concept of service quality comprises the tangible and intangible fundamentals most essential to consumers. Service quality has been related to customer satisfaction, contentment and loyalty as well as the business performance, success and profitability (Lasser, 2000). Branding and its orientation have been wicker strongly into the contemporary act of consumption in restaurants. Undeniably, the previous century will be considered as the century of brands in marketing (Caldwell, 2000). As in numerous other industries, edifice brands have become a key focus of restaurant managers. Furthermore, restaurant managers are relating brand management theories and practices which have done so far, and lots of restaurants are redesigning their business missions to imitate branding orientation rather than they go for product orientation. There is also an influence of brand recall on consumers intensions in choosing a restaurant for dining due to the different discount offers through different mediums of advertising that mostly include the below the line activities that makes restaurants brands that diminish the perceived risk of pay for the food and also indicate the quality of the product that creates their willingness to make wider positive word of mouth, recommendations, and complaint intention (David Njite, 2005; Muller, 1998). Branding keeps on gaining importance in the marketing of restaurants services and marketers have spent lot of money to create and give support to brand images. This have seen in the marketing of strong and well defined brands like Mc Donalds and Kfc fast food restaurants which attracts the customer through their marketing , service and by making brand loyal customers of their products. This increases the re-patronage rate due to satisfied and loyal customer. Particularly, there is lot more to discern about patrons perceive restaurant brands and the comparative weight these links get during purchase decision as there is lot more to discern about patrons perceive restaurant brands and the comparative weight these links get during purchase decision (David Njite, 2005; Muller, 1998). Researchers have acknowledged customer satisfaction, service quality and the loyalty to be similarly important for marketers, because they are responsible for determining dining satisfaction, and they must know the important of dining that must position restaurant functions competitively in the current and future marketplace (Bitner, 1992). Customer satisfaction and the quality of food have long been acknowledged as a essential function for success and endurance in competitive marketplace that have been connected to consumer behavioral intentions as purchase and loyalty intention, their willingness to widen positive word of mouth, recommendation, and complaint intention (Olsen, 2002). The relative significance of a service characteristic and attributes depends on how greatly the re-patronage purchase objective distorted as soon as the level of the attribute distorted (Dube, Laurette, Renaghan, Leo M, Miller, Jane M, 1994) Testing customer demands mean that management of the restaurant must make an effort to deliver not only quality food stuffs and services, but at the same time a high level of dining satisfaction that will lead to increased customer return results in re-patronage of customer and greater market share(John Reece, Robert Inbakaran, JaksÃÆ'?a Kivela , 1999). The consequence of customer satisfaction and contentment in relation to possession rates, return rates and equally management researchers and experts in the generosity field have long urged profitability (Almanza et al, 1994). The amount of customer satisfaction study has improved considerably since the early 1970s, and for the duration of this era, customer satisfaction come into view as a genuine field of enquiry. Come up from this study, a number of theories involving to customer satisfaction contain emerged and were bring in to the literature. The majority of these were attached in cognitive psychology for the reason that of the narrow description of customer satisfaction in earlier research and studies and a few have received reasonable consideration in the literature (JaksÃÆ'?a Kivela, Robert Inbakaran, John Reece, 1999) Purchase behavior of the consumer in restaurants can be pretentious by the surroundings in different ways. We consider atmosphere, which is an attention-building medium that can make restaurant inkling. The center of attention is based on the collective possessions of those clues on customers idiosyncratic through design, sound, motion, and color. Customers are delimited by true rock and roll memorabilia. As a meaning- generating medium, the environment gives discriminative motivation to buyers that facilitate them to identify a restaurants divergences as a source for select that restaurant. For instance, snowy white linen tablecloths, the soft lighting, and crystal chandeliers of a chic restaurant communicate the level of service and a kind of food to customers that create a fine-dining experience (Berry, L, 2006). The indication of Service in selecting by means of restaurant services, customers frequently act like detectives as they investigate for information and standardize their opinions into a set of mind-set regarding the resultant service. For example, the whole thing about the dining attributes of a restaurant or cafÃÆ'Â © starts from the dining table potential communicate to the customers, with the table top used, if practical sign concern the technical excellence of the service, mainly concerning to whether the service is carry out proficiently Eileen (A. Wall and Leonard L. Berry, 2007). Customer satisfaction, preferences and re-patronage also depends on the taste and freshness of the food in a restaurant that is the main functional clue which is the suitable pacing of the food. Tone of voice, level of enthusiasm smile of a restaurant hostess, body language and sincere greeting of the service employees has a positive impact on customer re-patronage. Customer feels belongingness and sense of affection and importance which makes them satisfy which leads to the brand loyalty for that particular restaurant resulting in the customer re-patronage due to the above mentioned dining attributes which includes functional clues, humanic clues and mechanical clues (Eileen A. Wall and Leonard L. Berry, 2007). Fundamentals such as surface and texture, smell, color, sound, and texture inducing intuitive reactions in restaurant atmosphere that persuades purchase likelihood known as the mechanical clues. For paradigm, the aroma of chocolate chip cookies baking generates affectionate feelings, and stimulates their enthusiasm for a treat (Berry, L. L., E. A. Wall, and L. P. Carbone. 2006). The food and service dining attributes includes the assortment, quality of the menu and presentation of food and beverage offerings (Palmer, A., ONeill, M. 2003). Using this information, restaurant management should focus their efforts and hard work on ensuring an appealing assortment of drink offerings presented in appealing and unique ways. Food and drink quality is an imperative dining attributes to diners representing restaurant management should certify an aggressive quality control agenda is in place to make sure food and drink quality must maintained (Dr. Clark Kincaid, Prof. Seyhmus Baloglu, Dr. Zhenxing Mao, Dr. James Busser, 2009). Food quality is obviously one of the key success factors of any restaurant to satisfy the customer but if there is any rude, bored rigid or an unfriendly server can be the point of fact to spoil the customers restaurant experience still if the food was prepared appropriately (Parsa, H. G., J. T. Self, D. Njite, and T. King. 2005). The importance of the perceived quality in order to get the re-patronage effect in restaurant industry is always considered as a main element to retain in the patrons and the business. The main reason behind that in this industry entry barrier are usually low and any one can easily enter due to investment required that is not on the higher side. So the point is that when ever consumer is satisfy from the arrangement by the management, the quality of the food provided by the staff members with the positive attitude than this result in increasing the loyalty towards the particular restaurant and increases the re-patronage intensions of the customers. This increases in the restaurant business revenue as well and this increases the word of mouth publicity (Bowen and Cummings 1990). Evaluating quality awareness and price elasticity related to quality, suggested that buyers are generally steady in their evaluations of quality. The results of their study showed that there was a strong association between a products attributes and the quality perceptions of the customers (Saleh, F. Ryan, C, 1991).The research also highlighted that customers who pay for high quality foodstuffs also had a low acceptance for deviations from predictable quality (Dr. Clark Kincaid, Prof. Seyhmus Baloglu, Dr. Zhenxing Mao, Dr. James Busser, 2009) In the restaurant perspective, this entails that customers who want superior dining quality are more sensitive to quality fluctuations and possibly will be less price sensitive but, for example in relation to the relative higher pricing of the menu items and marketing strategies that put together the quality image of the restaurant, ambience and service (Raajpoot, N. A. 2002). Another attention-grabbing finding was that a products higher volume rate like for instance, fast food restaurants resulted in a lower sensitivity side to quality. This shows that management of restaurants must segment the market based on the food usage rate includes the repeat purchase of the particular item and quality preferred (Dr. Clark Kincaid, Prof. Seyhmus Baloglu, Dr. Zhenxing Mao, Dr. James Busser, 2009). The previous research shows the effect of physical quality construct on behavioral intentions for restaurant consumer and finds that influence is a strong moderator between tangible quality constructs and behavioral intentions when cognition affect actions archetype is applied to the restaurant location (Dr. Clark Kincaid, Prof. Seyhmus Baloglu, Dr. Zhenxing Mao, Dr. James Busser, 2009). It was found that tangible quality has a bigger circumlocutory effect than the straight effect indicates from a theoretical point of view; affect was a fractional mediator, facilitating the association among tangible quality and behavior (Wakefield, K., L., Blodgett, J., G., 1996). Tangible quality on its own may have a weaker influence and effect on behavior, but it helps in developing feelings and sense of attachment towards the restaurant, which results in a stronger influence on behavior. Restaurants supposed to strive for enlightening positive feelings to their brand name by maneuvering tangible attributes (Dr. Clark Kincaid, Prof. Seyhmus Baloglu, Dr. Zhenxing Mao, Dr. James Busser, 2009). An intangible service delivery element is not surprisingly the most noteworthy constructs influencing customer affect to restaurants are food and service, staff, and convenience (Sureshchander, G. S., Rajendran, C., Anatharaman, R., N. 2002). Customers craving high quality products suitably prepared and will reward restaurant management with their devotion and loyalty. The consumption of seasonal foodstuffs, awareness of existing trends in menu offerings and preparation, and the audacity to initiate new techniques of preparation of conventional stuff are some implication for restaurant management (Dr. Clark Kincaid, Prof. Seyhmus Baloglu, Dr. Zhenxing Mao, Dr. James Busser, 2009). As an outcome, the restaurants whole environment of service, the atmospherics of feelings of the surroundings is always very imperative in seminal both patrons and front line staff attitude about the procedures and service delivery outcome. This entails that, it was very important that the awareness of the tangible pressure on service quality, such as the substantial and physical facilities, and the appearance of personnel (Bowen and Cummings 1990). The team build addresses the identical, approach, and gender mix. The importance of gender mix is important for management so that they understand the importance of diversity of gender in their service workforce. Member of staff serving at table received larger tips from patrons who are the opposed gender than from patrons comparing to the one who is same in gender (Hubbard et al., 2003). It is likely to conclude from the larger tips received from server of the opposite sex that the restaurant patrons take pleasure in being served by the server of the opposite sex, so it is suggested to the management to make sure that there should be a mix of genders within the service staff. Therefore researcher believes that it is safe to put together the allegation that the selection of persons with an optimistic service orientation is in the superlative interests of restaurant management (Hubbard et al., 2003). There is significance of the Costumes worn by restaurant service workers are considerable to customer satisfaction. They bring into being that service staff uniforms positively added to the overall player satisfaction (Dr. Clark Kincaid, Prof. Seyhmus Baloglu, Dr. Zhenxing Mao, Dr. James Busser, 2009). One more factor for the customer re-patronage which really brings customers back is that the customer likes to have a positive attitude of employee throughout the dining as a support for the disputation that employee approach is strongly linked with customer satisfaction. Ease and the location of the restaurant is also considerable and also the other factor influence customers to select that particular restaurant which satisfy their needs and wants regarding quality of the food and the restaurant environment. This leads in the increase of the re-patronage rate and the loyalty of the customers towards that restaurant diners have an effect on restaurant (Johnson et al, 2004). The convenience of location includes the parking space, seating availability in the restaurant; the nearness to roof-tops like peoples residence, hotels, and motels is significant for the accomplishment of restaurants all through the dinner mealtime duration. The consequences of well-situated parking must not be the lost upon restaurant management. Often the cost of attaining parking near to a restaurant is sighted as a non-revenue generating expenditure. This specifies the value of given that well-located parking along with the direct consequence it has on consumer intentions to patronize a restaurant (Kuo et al. 1999). The significance of the physical excellence raise of foodstuff and service and convenience to restaurant administration is to facilitate these constructs that have an affirmative association with influence which is completely linked with customer intentions to re-patronize a restaurant. The objective of most restaurants is to obtain and maintain customers; restaurant administration organized with the information get that will be better prepared to accomplish their aim (Dr. Clark Kincaid, Prof. Seyhmus Baloglu, Dr. Zhenxing Mao, Dr. James Busser, 2009). The front line workforce should be well trained to be extra quick to responsive and susceptible to customer desires; accordingly providing services to facilitate that are more proficient, successful, effective and efficient. Adding up, the atmosphere of the restaurant can also be enhanced by make certain cleanliness and favorable ambience with suitable music and lighting (Yap Sheau Fen, Kew Mei Lian). There is a intense deficient in understanding about dining satisfaction and pleasure and post-dining behavioral intentions in the customer literature reviewed studied so far away, and up till now, according to the literature allude to, aspects concerning to customer satisfaction and return patronage are elementary when put together business and marketing strategies of the organization. It is suggested that commonly and normally used indicators of customer satisfaction comprise repeat patronage behavior, brand loyalty and reliability and at last word of mouth recommendation (Lowenstein 1995). The basics or attributes of patron pleasure be supposed to give intimation concerning what proceedings a food restaurant manager ought to take to raise the chances that patrons will appear back. Managing for most favorable buyer happiness requires that liking information is used to put forward those strategies that can help a restaurant business manager can boost up its performance (Dube, Laurette, Renaghan, Leo M, Miller, Jane M, 1994). The features of satisfied patrons illustrated that the satisfaction with a food eaten results beginning a convergence of quite a few attributes, together with food superiority, menu assortment, environment, consistency of a food quality, and waiting time for a meal to deliver. For every potential development in service blueprint, managers must ballpark figure the marginal variation in satisfaction and reiterate purchase that would affect commencing a particular change in the standards of operations (Dube, Laurette, Renaghan, Leo M, Miller, Jane M, 1994). In restaurants tangibles are appropriate to the restaurants physical facilities, paraphernalia and manifestation of personnel. While restaurant patrons do not take delivery of only serving of food, but also a huge component of service, they undeniably depend on erstwhile indication in the deficiency of tangible verification by which to measure service quality (Yun Lok Lee and Nerilee Hing, 1995). Whenever we talk about Customer satisfaction, consistency refers to the administration 0f the organisations capability to execute the agreed service reliably and precisely. In restaurants this may well engage reservations of dining tables, obedience to patron requirements concerning the preparation of items listed in the menu and exact billing. This helps the management to retain their existing customers and at same time attracts the different other customers (Yun Lok Lee and Nerilee Hing, 1995). In the case of customer satisfaction Receptiveness refers to the eagerness of service giver to facilitate patrons and make available quick service. Professed service quality may perhaps be improved if patrons are support with the mauve list and bill of fare and if a worker responds suitably to a patrons asked for quick service. Customer always feel admire and important if they ge

Cuban Missile Crisis :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On August 6, 1945, the world changed forever. The United States had sent a B-29 bomber plane named â€Å"Enola Gay† to fly over the industrial city of Hiroshima, Japan and drop the first atomic bomb ever – â€Å"Little Boy† . The world had never experienced anything like it. One hundred thousand died almost instantly -- most of them were civilians. Three days later, in Nagasaki, another bomb -- â€Å"Fat Man† – was dropped. This time roughly forty thousand died. The people of the world were glad to see that the bombs ended most destructive war ever, but over the course of the forty years the world feared a nuclear battle that could wipe out all humankind off of the face of the Earth. The images that were coming from the aftermath of the bomb in Hiroshima and Nagasaki affected almost every person in the world in all aspects. The image of the mushroom-shaped cloud and the desolate city would remain in every person’s mind as an image of destruction and as a warning of the danger of a nuclear war.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Manhattan Project was the code name for an effort to create an atomic bomb during World War II. It was named for the Manhattan Engineer District of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers because most of the early research was done in New York City . Refugee physicists sparked the project soon after German scientists had discovered nuclear fission in 1938. Many American scientists feared that Hitler and the Germans would produce a nuclear bomb; consequently, they contacted Albert Einstein to write a letter to United States President Franklin Delano Roosevelt to help the production of the first nuclear bomb. Roosevelt agreed to assist the scientists and they began the Manhattan Project. The development took place at laboratory at Los Alamos, New Mexico, located on an isolated mesa. The project was to be kept classified under all circumstances. The scientists working at the plant could not even tell their wives about their work, unless they worked there themselves. All the mail in the town was censored; everybody was restricted to a two hundred mile radius and residents were forbidden to tell their friends where they lived. No one in the community had a name; rather everyone was either a â€Å"sir† or â€Å"mister†. The most serious threat to the security of the project was the hiring of Klaus Fuchs who was found guilty of obtaining top-secret documents and sending them to the Soviet Union.

Joshua and the Children: Many Reasons :: Joshua and The Children Essays

Joshua and the Children: Many Reasons There were a lot of reasons Joseph Girzone titled his book "Joshua and the Children". I think the main reason for the title was because of Joshua’s purpose in the town. The author explains how Joshua is there to fulfill "his Father’s" promise. Joshua wants to teach all the children of the town to get along and be at peace with each other. Joshua says it is too late for the adults to learn the way, who have lived hateful lives. Joshua must turn to the children if he wishes to change the future. He believes that if he teaches the children to not hate, and to respect others, regardless of racial or ethnic differences, then the world will improve when they become adults. This new generation will then bring happiness to the world. Joshua knows that these children were victims of their parents’ wrongdoings. He knows that they were born into a society filled with hate. Hate for members of a different race. Hate without reasoning. He feels it is wron g what the adults are doing to the children. They are being brought up to believe that it is OK to mistreat somebody who is "different" from you. This is why Joshua felt he should teach the children, and not the adults. Once Joshua started to communicate with the children, and got to know them better the adults were amazed at how Joshua related to the children so well. He knew their names right from the second he met them, he played their games, and he even let himself lose at them too. Eventually the adults in the town began to realize that whoever this Joshua really was, he was a role model for each and every one of them. The Muslim boy was a very important character in this book. He and one his friends went down to the square where Joshua met with the children every day. His friend told Joshua that the boy was blind. Everybody in the square watched in disbelief as Joshua cured the boy’s blindness with the touch of his hand. The boy’s family were the weapons distributors. After seeing that Joshua was able to fix their boy, they too became good people and thus, making the town a better place. The final event in the story that showed peace was achieved was a soccer game with the Catholics playing against the Protestants.

Promoting good governance makes vigilance awareness Essay

Vigilance makes preparedness to be watchful always and sense the happening around oneself. People always have wrong approach towards vigilance as they perceive vigilance as enquiry, fixing responsibility etc. Vigilance is not investigation but it is prevention. To punish and not to prevent is like pumping the water through a pump without arresting the leakages which result in wastage of water, energy and time. Why do organizations need vigilance:- An organization protects itself from external dangers through creating security and posting manpower to guard against such threats. The role of vigilance is to protect organization from internal dangers which are more serious than external threats. Responsibility of Employees in Vigilance Matters: Vigilance officer should be own officer;All men are vigilance people-raising awareness level. Vigilance very essential ; All officers should work for the same target/goal. Vigilance is not confined to a particular individual or set up. All public servants should be honest. They also have a responsibility towards the nation to help the organization to discharge vigilance functions effectively by bringing to the notice of organization about the activities of dishonest employees. Need for Preventive Vigilance Preventive vigilance plays an important role in strengthening the vigilance set up of any organization. There has been a wide spread realization that punitive vigilance alone cannot be the foundation of an efficient vigilance machinery. In punitive vigilance, the vigilance wing reacts to complaints or information of specific instances of mala fide action, verifies such information and then proceeds against the erring officials. VIGILANCE AND E-GOVERNANCE Vigilance means watchfullness or to bring awareness. Vigilance came into existence mainly for the purpose of fighting corruption. Corruption involves misuse of power , money ,government property etc. Though corruption can’t be brought down to zero level, we can try to bring it as low as possible. This can be ensured by watchfulness, caution and vigilance. Or in other words it can be achieved by E-Governance. Corruption is anti national, anti poor and anti economic development. According to the UNDP Report on Human Development 1999 on South Asia, if the corruption level in India goes down to that of Scandinavian Countries, the GDP will grow by 1.5% and Foreign Direct Investment will go up by 12%. Corruption is anti poor because nearly 30% of the food grains and sugar meant for the public distribution system disappear in the black market. Corruption literally takes away the food from the mouths of the poor people for whom food security by way of the public distribution systems is devised by the government. Corruption is anti national as revealed by the Bombay blasts of 1993 when the customs officials who were bribed permitted the smuggling of the RDX which resulted in the death of 300 people. M/s Transparency International, a Berlin based non-government organisation has ranked India 73 out of 99 countries in the Corruption Perception Index. This refers to the perception of the degree of co rruption as seen by business people, risk analysts and the general public. It ranges from 10 (highly clean) to zero (highly corrupt). Denmark appears at the top of the list with a score of 10 and India figures at 73 with a score of 2.9. Fighting corruption is too important an activity to be left only to the Central Vigilance Commission. The Commission therefore proposes to launch a systematic campaign against corruption by involving all members of the civil society in fighting this social evil. The first step in this campaign is to educate the people about the dangers of corruption and sensitize them about the evil consequences of corruption. Participative Vigilance Definition Participative Vigilance refers to participation of everyone in curbing the corruption. At organization level it refers to participation of all internal and external stakeholders in curbing the corruption. Necessity In recent times many scams such as 2G, COLGATE, Procurement of Tatra Trucks and allocation of defence spectrum by ISRO has rocked the country. The spread and magnitude of the amount involved indicates that the corruption is deeply rooted in our democracy. Widespread corruption cannot be rooted out â€Å"just by 300 people sitting in the CVC but each and every citizen of the country must contribute towards building a TEAM India where T stands for technology and transparency, E for efficiency and empowerment, A for audit trail and accountability and M for metrics measurement and mutual cooperation,† After the move by the Civil Society led by Anna Hazare the awakened citizens might ask from themselves what is it that I can do to check corruption in my country instead of merely expecting that somebody else can do something to check corruption. CVC Approach First time on 31 October -2011 Participative Vigilance was the theme of Vigilance Awareness Week circulated by CVC. The practice of observing the Vigilance Awareness Week was initiated by the CVC in 2000. 31st October was chosen as the commencement date for the Vigilance Awareness Week, because that was the birthday of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, who represented the best tradition of integrity in Indian politics. CVC has recently-launched â€Å"Vig-Eye†, a user-friendly platform for citizens to complain against corrupt officials by an SMS, was aimed at participative vigilance and would be able to reach 50 million people in the country. Tools in the hands of citizen to curb Corruption At the individual level, there are adequate resources available for any concerned citizen to play a role in checking corruption. 1. Right to Information Act 2005. 2. Lokpal bill E-Governance is the use of various modern information and communication technologies such as internet, local area networks, mobile phones,etc., by the government to promote democracy and minimize the corruption level. Simply e-governance is electronic management and electronic controllership. Therefore vigilance and e-governance are required for ensuring corruptionless functioning of any private, public or government organisation. In order to achieve this purpose, govenment has implemented various online services under national e-governance plan like property registration, railway reservation, pensions, passport, visa , company affairs, land records, e-courts, etc.Here we will discuss some of the examples and we will see how they are proven to be effective, not only for fighting against corruption but also for improving the efficiency, effectiveness and comfortness of public. Following are the examples of online service under National E-Governance Plan Income Tax A. Central Excise B. Passport/VISA C. Road Transport D. Property Registration E. Pensions F. Gram Panchayats (Rural) G. Agriculture H. Municipalities I. Employment Exchange J. Land Records K. Company Affairs L. Police M. Railway Reservation N. E-Courts Here we will discuss some examples and we will see how they are proven effective tools of vigilance for not only fighting against corruption but also improving effectiveness, efficiency and comfortness of public. Online Delivery of Land Titles in Karnataka, India Previously(i.e. Before the computerization of The Department of Revenue in Karnataka), farmers had to seek out the Village Accountant to get a copy of the Record of Rights, Tenancy and Crops (RTC) — a document needed for many tasks such as obtaining bank loans. There were delays and harassment. Bribes had to be paid. Land owners find it difficult to access the Village Accountant, as his duties entail traveling. The time taken by Village Accountants to provide RTCs has ranged from 3 to 30 days depending upon the importance of the record for the farmer and the size of the bribe. A typical bribe for a certificate could range from Rs.100 to Rs.2000. If some details were to be written in an ambiguous fashion, out of selfish motives, the bribe could go up to Rs.10,000. Land records in the custody of Village Accountant were not open for public scrutiny. But Now (i.e. after the computerization of The Department of Revenue in Karnataka) for a fee of Rs.15, a printed copy of the RTC can be obtained online at computerized land record kiosks (Bhoomi centers) in 140 taluk offices. Without delaying and any bribe. The Bhoomi software incorporates the bio-logon metrics system, which authenticates all users of the software using their fingerprint. A log is maintained of all transactions in a session. This makes an officer accountable for his decisions and actions. The government also has plans to web-enable the database to make available to the farmer a copy of the land record locally through an Internet kiosk — although without signature such a copy will only have an informative value. This scheme also useful for preventing lands-scam Due to availability of all the data related to land is at a common server. Computerized Interstate Check Posts in Gujarat Gujarat has an extensive road network, which carries a large volume of commercial traffic. Major highway systems link Dehli to Mumbai and provide the principal link to the Kandla sea port on Gujarat’s west coast. Gujarat’s 10 check posts are positioned at the border with three neighboring Indian states. Nearly 25,000 transport vehicles enter daily through these check posts. Trucking companies want to maximize their earnings from each vehicle. Often this has prompted transporters to load their trucks beyond permissible axle load, creating a serious safety hazard. Previously (i.e. before the computerization), a suspect vehicle is flagged to a stop, and then weighed on a weigh bridge located away from traffic. The legal penalty for overload is Rs 2,000 per ton. However, any fine often has been (illegally) negotiated The problem of corruption was particularly difficult to attack as the corrupt were backed by politicians. In the absence of any systematic inspection of vehicles, the transport companies also adopted various illegal practices. Duplicate copies of a single registration book from the Regional Transport Office (RTO) have been used for many different vehicles, using fake license plates. In the computerized process, all the check posts are monitored at a central location using video cameras installed at every check post cabin. The video camera captures the registration number of all trucks approaching the check post. (There are flood-lights and traffic lights which make the check posts appear like a runway at night.) Software converts the video image of the registration number to a digital form and the details of the truck are accessed from a central data base. An electronic weigh bridge captures the weight and the computer issues a demand note for fine, automatically. Through the use of computers and other electronic devices at 10 remote interstate border check posts in Gujarat, India, a team of savvy public officials have reduced corruption and significantly increased the state’s tax revenue. Online Indian Railway Train Status and reservation System: Before the computerization system it was very difficult to know the availability of seat and getting reservation without paying additional money. Passenger has to pay additional money inside the train also. But after computerization availability of seat are known to all also passenger can himself book ticket online, it reduces the money handling (dealing) in other words we can say its reducing the corruption. Also auto up gradation of passenger tickets increases the revenue to Indian railways and decreases the additional income (bribe) to TTC. Work Progress Monitoring System: This software is intensively used in all type of industry to monitor the work progress of company/ section/ individual. This is not directly relate with money corruption but it is dealing with monitoring corruption which include delaying of projects/works which leads to increase hidden cost of company also leads to inefficient work. Conclusion: Now we can say vigilance and e governance are complementary to each other. To prevent or minimize the corruption we have to have transparent system which can be achieve by deploying E-governance in all sector and everywhere. But the biggest challenge of deploying e-governance is not technology but change management. Change management is important not only in terms of cultural change but also in terms of changing operations and processes workflow that the automated environment will introduce. â€Å"E-governance, however, is not really the use of IT in governance but as a tool to ensure good governance. E-governance does not mean proliferation of computers and accessories; it is basically a political decision which calls for discipline, attitudinal change in officers and employees, and massive government process re-engineering

Kudler Fine Foods Photography Analysis Essay

In order for Kudler Fine Foods to continue being successful, our technology should be constantly updated to keep up with our competitors and stay in line with upgrades. The company must modernize the ways in which consumers identify and differentiate with the Kudler Fine Foods brand. Investing and developing a strong marketing plan using impeccable photography will help increase our retail, online, and direct marketing sales (MindFireInc, 2013). To capitalize on our marketing efforts it is imperative to analyze both the advantages and disadvantages of creating an in-house photography infrastructure versus outsourcing the photography to a professional photographer. The Pros and Cons of Creating the Infrastructure Creating an in-house photography infrastructure will give Kudler Fine Foods the ability to have full control over type of photography produced (Rimagine Designs Co., LTD, 2013). We will be able to customize, according to the specific needs of our company (Rimagine Designs Co., LTD, 2013). In-house photography also gives us the opportunity to edit on location (DT&G Inc, 2012). Not having to wait on an outsourced photographer’s turnaround time will save the company time and money. The cost of producing photographs will be reduced dramatically after the initial investment (DT&G Inc, 2012). There are also some draw backs to in-house photography production. Time constraints are a concern because Kudler Fine Foods will be heavily involved in the photography process (Rimagine Designs Co., LTD, 2013). This would increase the amount of micromanaging employees because of quality control and ensuring an effective budget (Rimagine Designs Co., LTD, 2013). An in-house photography department requires a long term and costly plan. The company will have to purchase equipment, hardware, software, and training that could run the company anywhere from $5000 up to $20000 (DT&G Inc, 2012). Pros and Cons of Outsourcing the Photography to a Professional Photographer Outsourcing photography to a professional photographer requires that Kudler Fine Foods be diligent in finding the right photographer to the needs of the company. The photographer or Photography Company should be reputable, reliable, have access to excellent facilities and equipment (Outsourced E-commerce, 2012). Outsourcing a photographer will free up some of the senior managers time and allow the company to focus on its proficiencies. Rather than consume the company with the photography process we can make good use of the knowledge and skills of an experienced photographer (Outsourced E-commerce, 2012). Some disadvantages include the possibility of the company giving up some of its control of the photography process that may give way to Kudler Fine Foods incurring extra or hidden cost by the photographer (Rimagine Designs Co., LTD, 2013). Communication may be a concern. The photographer may not be able to present the company with what we need, want, or expect (Rimagine Designs Co., LTD, 2013). This will only waste time that could be used for photography production. Kudler Fine Foods also may hire a photographer who produces a weak performance or slow response times (Outsourced E-commerce, 2012). There are also confidentiality and security issues when outsourcing a photographer as they may also work for a competitor (Rimagine Designs Co., LTD, 2013). Legal ramifications that come into play when using an in-house model can be substantial. If a photographer took a picture in a park and use it in an advertisement you could face legal problems. The best approach to taking pictures and using photos for personal gain would be to become familiar with the parks guidelines. There are other issues that may cause legal issues would be if a photographer wanted to take a picture on someone’s property it may be difficult to gain access to do take said picture. Trespassing just to photograph some picture is a bit much, making sure that you follow guidelines and protocol can only help you obtain the photo you want. Out-sourcing instead of in-house has more than just legal issues you could run into unwanted results. The legal issues that you may encounter when out-sourcing your photographic needs maybe weak performance, what you pay for may not be what you get. Costs may be misquoted also known as hidden costs and fees. There is definitely a downside of photography done in-house. Employees should have training in use of the specialize equipment needed to produce quality pictures. The budget has to support the cost of hiring a professional as well as purchasing the equipment needed to complete the assignment. Coordinating schedules with the photographer can cause scheduling conflicts and delays in initiating the project. Equipment and Cost In-house product photography will provide Kudler Fine Foods with the ability to capture, edit, and format project images using internal resources, equipment, and systems. There are several factors to consider when establishing an in-house photography department. Because our marketing initiative is an ongoing project it will require many product images thus justifying such a lengthy and costly investment (Weilmeier, 2012). We must analyze as well as identify the resources required to develop, finance, implement, and maintain an in-house photography system. Develop a financial plan to feasibly meet our budget constraints (KMAONE, 2013). In order to maintain an in-house photography system, sufficient planning and preparation is vital. Sufficient space must be developed to efficiently operate a photography studio from the Kudler Fine Foods office, which may cost $2500 (Weilmeier, 2012). An in-house photography department must have adequate staffing. A qualified product photographer must have a vast array of creativity, expertise, an extensive understanding of photography concepts, camera equipment and accessory knowledge; possess excellent time management and composition skills as well as camera positioning and angle selection skills (Weilmeier, 2012). Employing such a photographer will require that they be paid salary and wages. According to a study by the U.S. National Salary Averages, a base photographer salary starts at $50K (Salary Wizard, 2013). Image editors may need to be hired to edit, retouch, review, and format. A project manager should also be hired to oversee time management and deadlines as well as quality control to assure that image quality meets company standards (KMAONE, 2013). An employee workspace must be developed as well. Anticipated costs are about $75,000 (Weilmeier, 2012). Train managers and staff to operate the in-house photography system (Weilmeier, 2012). Estimated training cost should be around $2500 (B & H Foto & Electronics Corp, 2013). Cameras, lenses and lighting setup, work space including office furniture, supplies, and equipment run an estimated cost of $15,000 (B & H Foto & Electronics Corp, 2013). IT resources must be established for system development and maintenance, which cost $1500 (B & H Foto & Electronics Corp, 2013). Computer, monitor, and accessories will cost roughly $8000 (B & H Foto & Electronics Corp, 2013). An Adobe Photo Shop program such as Adobe Creative Suite and capture software such as Phase 1 requires a $2500 investment (Weilmeier, 2012). Below are examples of equipment, software, and a breakdown of the total estimated cost for the in-house project. Photography impact the day-to-day store operations under each model Outsourcing the photography contract will not change the daily operations. They have been doing the photography like this for some time. However, keeping the photography outsourced can lead to loss of revenue because it costs more for the pictures to be taken and edited (Flatworld Solutions, 2013). The company can acquire more customers if the pictures on the website reflect the actual products, advertisements and employees. Photography done in-house will change the daily operations some. Like mentioned above the appropriate equipment as well as the area where the photography will take place has to be considered. There will also be management and employee allocated to take on the photography project, this will take company resources. The main functions of the store such as selling gourmet food products will not be affected by the photography infrastructure. How often new photographs could be taken under each model Everyone desires to take professional, perfect, memorable, and persuasive pictures. Depending on the person or the venue pictures can serve different purposes. It does not matter how often pictures should be taken. The frequency of which pictures are taken is dependent on several key factors: the satisfaction of the client, budget, and the time allotted for the entire project. The budget is also pertinent as this is an additional expense. There are many reasons that pictures can be taken under each model. Despite which model is being used there is always a chance of equipment failure. New pictures can be taken at the discretion of the photographer as well at the desire of the client. The model that is being photographed may request the picture be retaken for personal reasons. The photographer may not be satisfied with the photos because of the background lighting maybe off or the props may not be properly setup or the client may not be satisfied with the model (Thein, 2012). The model(s), venue and any props will have to be rented again for the retakes. Retakes can hinder the schedule. Overall there is no limit for taking new pictures under each model; the decision is based solely on the satisfaction of the photographer and the client. The in house structure may allow more flexibility in retaking the photos versus outsourcing the service as this can definitely add an additional expense to the project. The budget should include the expenses involved in retaking pictures and extra time should be allotted in the schedule for any additional time that maybe needed for new pictures (Flatworld Solutions, 2013). The goal is to have the client completely satisfied and the vision is relayed through the pictures. The potential uses of the photographs and those implications under each model The use of each photograph is there to benefit Kudler Fine Foods and their marketing arena along with the website to use the photos to show different aspects of the company. Many implications come along with the marketing side of the company by using contest and photographs in the stores to give Kudler Fine Foods the edge of the competition. The possibilities are endless with photos and the upgrades the company can create. Conclusion There are copyright laws that the company will have to follow, and release forms to be signed to protect the company as well as the models. If these laws are neglected the company could face detrimental financial and reputation repercussions. In comparing the pros and cons of outsourcing the photography to a professional photographer versus creating the infrastructure to take the photographs in-house, there is great benefit to creating the infrastructure to take the photographs in-house. There is more flexibility in the schedule as well as the decisions can be decided in-house. There is definitely a downside of photography done in-house. Employees should have training in use of the specialize equipment needed to produce quality pictures (Lin, 2005). The budget has to support the cost of hiring a professional as well as purchasing the equipment needed to complete the assignment. Coordinating schedules with the photographer can cause scheduling conflicts and delays in initiating the project. The companies have to take into consideration the pros and cons. Whatever decision is made has to definitely be supportive to the staff’s schedule, the budget and the company’s overall philosophy (Flatworld Solutions, 2013). References B & H Foto & Electronics Corp. (2013). Lighting Studio. Retrieved September 1, 2013, from bhphotovideo.com: http://www.bhphotovideo.com/c/browse/Lighting-Studio/ci/1161/N/4294551176 Conrad, B. (2013). Hearst Communications, Inc. Retrieved September 1, 2013, from How to Compare Small Business Computer Systems: http://smallbusiness.chron.com/compare-small-business-computer-systems-580.html DT&G Inc. (2012). DT&G Photography. Retrieved from Building an In-House Studio: www.graphic-design.com/photographicstudio Dell. (2013). Computers for Business. Retrieved September 1, 2013, from Dell: http://www.dell.com/us/business/p/featured-deals.aspx?c=us&cs=04&l=en&s=bsd&ST=business%20computer%20systems&dgc=ST&cid=79370&lid=4766096&acd=12309152537461010 Flatworld Solutions (2013). The advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing. Retrieved September 15, 2013 http://www.flatworldsolutions.com/articles/advantages-disadvantages-outsourcing.php Kmaone. (2013). In-house versus Outsourcing. Retrieved September 1, 2013, from KMAONE.com: www.kmaone.com/inhouseoutsource.htm Lin, P. (2005). Should You Outsource Your Marketing? Retrieved September 15, 2013, from http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/4883.html Media Novak. (2013). 50 Marketing Tips for Photographers. Retrieved from MediaNovak Website Design & Development: www.medianovak.com/blog/photography/marketing-tips-for-photographers-2/ MindFireInc. (2013). Retrieved from Mind Fire Studio: www.mindfirestudio.com/blog/4-key-steps-of-an-effective-marketing-campaing/ Network World, Inc. (1994-2013). Outsourcing vs. keeping it in-house. Retrieved September 15, 2013 http://www.networkworld.com/news/2007/102607-arguments-outsourcing-inhouse.html Outsourced E-commerce. (2012). Outsourcing Your Photography. Retrieved from Outsourced E-Commerce: www.outsourcedecommerce.com/2013/services/outsourcing-your-product-photograph

The Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire Education Essay

This chapter outlines the methods and processs used to roll up informations, every bit good as how the collected information was analysed and besides the restrictions of the survey.2.1 Research designA research design maps as gum that holds the research survey together, structuring the survey and suiting together major research constituents such as sampling and steps in replying the research inquiries. In research, qualitative design and the quantitative design signifier the major types of research designs. Qualitative research design gives a complete description of peculiar phenomena for which the research worker seeks an account. This design is based on the point of view that all research is finally linked to qualitative research. Here, the research worker is extremely involved in the procedure, and the informations collected takes the signifier of words and objects ( Creswell, 2003 ) . Quantitative research aims at explicating everything in footings of 0 and I. It classifies, coun ts and creates statistical theoretical accounts to give accounts about peculiar happenings. Data aggregation tools such as questionnaires are used to roll up numerical informations. This research design consequences in precise measurings of objects under probe ( Creswell, 2003 ) . This survey used the quantitative research design which enabled the research worker to roll up informations from a big sample of schools in order to enable the findings to be generalised. In analyzing leading behavior of secondary school Curates, it was of import to utilize a big sample since there are many secondary schools in Mauritius. The information collected on the leading manners and instructors ‘ engagement in determination devising needed to be statistically correlated to find the impact of leading on collaborative determination devising. Therefore, it was important to utilize the quantitative research design to give informations that can be manipulated statistically.2.2 Population and sampleIn research, a population refers to topics whose properties are of involvement to the survey. It consists of the elements that the survey would wish to look into ( Creswell, 2003 ) . The secondary school population in the Republic of Mauritius is divided into five zones, harmonizin g to the Ministry of Education and Human Resources. The schools are farther categorised as State, Private Aided and Private Non-Aided. The entire figure of secondary schools in Mauritius is 182. For the intent of this research, the schools in Zone 5 ( Rodrigues ) were non included, every bit good as the Private Non-Aided schools. For this survey, the population was all secondary school instructors working in State and Private Aided schools of Mauritius. Under this population instructors were the respondents. This included all practising instructors and excluded all trained but non practising instructors. The sample is a little proportion or subset of the population. The importance of samples in research is the impracticableness of obtaining survey informations from all the elements of the population ( Creswell, 2003 ) . This present survey used a sample which is 15 per centum of the whole school population. The school population in this survey is 156 and therefore there were 23 schools that were sampled. This sample was divided among the zones on the footing of the figure of schools in the zone. This survey used a graded random sample to acquire to the respondent. In this sampling technique, the sample of schools is foremost divided into bunchs or groups. Here the bunchs were the four zones, whereby each zone constituted a bunch. The sample for each zone was based on the proportion of the schools in that zone relation to the entire figure of schools. Thus Zone 1, with 51 schools, had 8 schools doing it to the sample ; Zone 2, with 41 schools, had 6 schools ; Zone 3, with 34 schools, had 5 schools and Zone 4, with 30 schools, had 4 schools. Table 2.1 illustrates the sample of schools chosen.Table 2.1: Sample of schools per zoneZonePopulation Sample 1 51 8 2 41 6 3 34 5 4 30 415623 The sample was further divided amongst State and Private-Aided schools, based on the proportion of each in the corresponding zone relation to the entire figure of schools. The State and Private-Aided schools were so categorised harmonizing to students ‘ gender, viz. Girls, Boys and Mixed. Simple random sampling, utilizing a random figure generator, was so used to choose the 23 schools organizing portion of the sample.Table 2.2: Types of schools in sampleZoneSum Population Sample StatePrivateAIDEDState Private AIDED 1 51 23 28 3 5 2 41 19 22 3 3 3 34 12 22 2 3 4 30 15 15 2 215669 871013the sample size of 100 instructors has been obtained from the relation where N = N 1+ Ne2, where n= sample size, N = population size, e = border of mistake ; an mistake of 10 % has been considered here ( Pasigpasigan, 2007 ) . Table 2.3: Sample of instructors Population OF Teachers Sample OF Teachers Zone State Private AIDED Sum State Private AIDED 1 1145 1071 2216 16 15 2 907 971 1878 13 14 3 664 984 1648 9 14 4 723 551 1274 11 834393577701649512.3 Investigative TechniquesThe survey used questionnaires for informations aggregation. Questionnaires are rather cost- effectual and they can capture a big sample, while offering a agency of incorporating present findings with former similar surveies. They are the chief probe techniques used for big samples where quantitative informations is required. The survey employed this technique to roll up informations and this allowed for statistical use and generalization of the informations to the whole population. Questionnaires allow namelessness in response, thereby heightening informations quality and dependability. The questionnaire was structured in order to hold standard inquiries whose responses are predefined. This allowed for easy informations analysis, even though new stuff that the research worker may non be cognizant of can be omitted.2.4 InstrumentalityThe questionnaire used for the survey incorporated both the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire ( MLQ ) an d the Teacher Involvement and Participation Scale Questionnaire. The questionnaire is given in Appendix A.2.4.1 Multifactor Leadership QuestionnaireThis is a information aggregation instrument that measures leading manners. Respondents score their responses on the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire. Bass and Avolio ( 2000 ) crafted the MLQ from their full scope of leading theoretical accounts. Assorted trials have confirmed that MLQ is a good forecaster of leader public presentation and behavior. The MLQ scores leading behaviors on a graduated table from transactional to transformational manners of leading. This instrument was used to inquire instructors in Mauritius to give their sentiment on the leading manners used by their Curates. The altered MLQ instrument used for this survey excluded the steps for leading results since this would be measured by the T.I.P.S questionnaire. Therefore, alternatively of the usual 45 inquiries in the MLQ, the survey used 21 inquiries. Out of the 45 points, the questionnaire measures five transformational leading variables, three transactional variables, one variable of non- transactional leading and three result variables. The latest version of the MLQ questionnaire comes in two signifiers: the ego rater and rater signifier ( other people rate an person ) ( Bass and Avolio, 2006 ) . This survey used the rater signifier where the instructors will rate the Rectors in footings of their leading manners. Bass ( 2005 ) advances that transformational leading is based on five variables, as measured by the MLQ: Idealised Properties, Idealised Behaviours, Individualised Consideration, Intellectual Stimulation and Inspirational Motivation. The transactional leading variables or constituents are: Contingent Reward, Management by Exception ( Passive ) and Management by Exception ( Active ) . The result constituents measured are: Satisfaction with the leader, Extra attempt by Associates and Individual, Group, and Organisational Effectiveness. Laissez-Faire is the non-transactional constituent ( Bass and Avolio, 2006 ) . The MLQ is based on the 5 point Likert graduated table of 0 = Never to 4 = Frequently, if non ever. The MLQ has been applied extensively in research lab and field surveies of inactive / avoidant, transactional and transformational leading manners ( Bass and Avolio, 1994 ) . Harmonizing to Bass and Avolio ( 2006 ) , leading manners are non reciprocally sole since one individual can change his/her leading manners to accommodate different fortunes. Appendix B contains a description of all the constituents in the MLQ. Bass and Avolio ( 2000 ) progress that the MLQ has a dependability of 0.74 to 0.91 for each leading components that it measures. The tool has been used for 100s of surveies throughout the universe, both academic and commercial ( Bass and Avolio, 2006 ) . Lowe et Al. ( 1996 ) back up the cogency of MLQ through their survey of over 3 000 raters. It meets the rigorous cogency steps in research ( Trochim, 2005 ) . Appendix C contains Part B of the questionnaire and their variables within the MLQ model.2.4.2 Teacher Involvement and Participation Scale ( T.I.P.S )We started development by reexamining the literature on shared determination devising. Through the work of Conley and Bacharach ( 1990 ) , Sirotnik and Clark ( 1988 ) , David ( 1989 ) , and others, we discovered that execution of shared determination devising occurs across eight dimensions: Goals/Vision/Mission: the grade to which instructors are involved in bordering the ends and mission of the school. Facilitating Procedures and Structures: the grade to which instructors have equal clip, reduced learning tonss, releases from contracts and ordinances, and changed agendas to allow collegial work to happen. Curriculum/Instruction: the grade to which instructors participate in finding the school plan, course of study ends, text edition choice, educational stuffs, and schoolroom teaching method. Budgeting: the grade to which instructors participate in affairs related to planing and implementing the school budget. Staffing: the grade to which instructors are involved with the disposal in doing determinations such as recruiting, interviewing, hiring, and delegating staff. Staff Development: the grade to which instructors can plan and implement staff development activities that meet their ain demands. Operationss: the grade to which instructors are involved in pull offing the edifice ( its usage, betterment, and care ) . Standards: the grade to which instructors portion in puting criterions for their ain public presentation and for pupil public presentation and subject. Items on the TIPS 2 Instrument are rated on a Likert Scale from one to five bespeaking degree of teacher engagement in each determination during the past twelvemonth. ( The graduated table ranges from â€Å" Strongly Disagree † to â€Å" Strongly agree. † ) . TIPS has demonstrated high dependability and cogency for the instrument as a whole and in each of the dimensions..2.5 Data CollectionThe sample used in this survey comprises secondary school instructors. The questionnaire was distributed to the respondents during a two-week period and the respondents were given a farther three yearss to make full in the questionnaires. The respondents were issued difficult transcripts of the questionnaires in their schools and, for those who were comfy to react instantly, the questionnaires were filled and collected. Otherwise a reminder was sent in two yearss and agreements made when the questionnaire would be collected. Email questionnaires were besides issued to respondents who preferred to react via electronic mail. These schemes were put in topographic point to guarantee that information was obtained in good clip. Data was collected from the several schools at prearranged times.2.6 Data AnalysisThe questionnaires used in the survey yielded quantitative informations which can be analysed statistically. The information collected was analysed by the usage of statistical bundles Microsoft Excel and SPSS ( Statistical Package for Social Sciences ) . The analysis was done in the signifier of descriptive statistics, which enabled the basic description of the sample such as the figure and gender of respondents, their length of service and makings. The descriptive information statistics included frequence, steps of cardinal inclination ( average and manner ) , steps of fluctuation and standard divergence. The survey sought to look into the impact of leading behavior on collaborative determination devising. This was achieved through correlativity statistical steps to find the being of a relationship.2.7 Ethical ConsiderationsThere is increasing consciousness that the people on whom research is conducted have rights, and that research workers have duties and duties to these research topics ( Mc Neill and Chapman, 2005 ) . The respondents in the survey are human topics and this required a figure of steps to be put in topographic point to guarantee that the topics were protected. The instructors are peculiarly busy at this clip of the twelvemonth ( terminal of 3rd term ) and they do non hold sufficient clip to give to studies. The accent was laid on the importance of this survey in order to actuate the respondents. The instructors were allowed to maintain the questionnaires and respond at their ain convenience. The chief ethical issues that have been given due consideration during this research are given below. Informed consent: inform all participants that they are capable to the research undertaking and that they are free to decline to take part. aˆ? Misrepresentation: true information given to all participants about the intent of the research. aˆ? Confidentiality: identifying information about the topics will non be made available to anyone. aˆ? Anonymity: the individuality of each participant will stay unknown. aˆ? Hazards: no topic will be harmed physically or emotionally. For this current research, accent is laid on three of the above, viz. informed consent, confidentiality and namelessness. Since instructors are involved in this research, the anterior consent of their school Rectors has to be obtained through a missive detailing the exact nature and intent of the research. However, many Rectors did non desire their schools to be explicitly identified in the study. The instructors who are selected are given the warrant that their individuality will non be revealed to anyone. Since the survey involved a reappraisal of Curates by the instructors, this may hold caused the latter to react favorably or experience unbarred to reply truthfully for fright that they can be identified, despite being given the confidence of complete confidentiality. Finally all those take parting in the research have non been named anyplace in the study. Puting accent on the above ethical jobs is of paramount importance because if the respondents do non swear the research worker , so the cogency of the information collected will non reflect the world.2.8 BiassBiass ever find a manner into research surveies and convey damaging effects to the survey. The most elusive and harmful prejudices are those that the research worker is non cognizant of. The research worker and the respondents differ in many professional facets, chiefly in that the bulk of respondents have non obtained a postgraduate grade while the research worker is in the procedure of geting one. This may hold made the research worker to be insensitive to the demands and positions of the respondents. To understate this prejudice, the research worker worked closely with the respondents to understand their paradigm and readily offered elucidations on the intent of the research. The contents of the informations aggregation instruments were besides explained to the respondents when necessary.2.9 Premises of the surveyThe research worker assumed that the features of composing and size of the sample accur ately represent the population of the survey. It was besides assumed that the respondents had interacted long plenty in the secondary schools to understand their leader ‘s behavior. Finally it was assumed that the instructors were besides cognizant of the effects of their Rector ‘s leading manner on their engagement in determination devising as instructors.2.9.1 Restrictions of the surveyThe methodological analysis chosen in this survey has restrictions which may hold adversely affected the result of the research. The survey used the MLQ which is a standard questionnaire for mensurating the modern school of idea for leading behavior. It has besides used the T.I.P.S which is another standardized questionnaire. Some respondents were non able to reply all the inquiries as they may non hold been cognizant of or were non concerned plenty with the occurrences in their schools. This decreased the figure of duly filled questionnaires used for informations analysis. Besides, the standardised questionnaire did non capture other emergent positions or new thoughts on the inquiries that were asked, restricting the contextual profusion of the findings. The period of the school calendar twelvemonth for this survey is decidedly unfavorable since all instructors are busy with school scrutinies. Many respondents may hold answered at random due to the confining clip factor. In research, larger samples are better since they reflect more accurately the features of the population. This survey used a little sample to let the easiness of informations aggregation and analysis in order to run into the deadlines. The fiscal resources required to transport out such an extended survey covering the whole island were beyond the range of the research worker. Furthermore, the Private non-aided schools were non included in this survey since entree was non granted in many instances. This besides explains the size of the sample used by the research worker.