Saturday, November 2, 2013

Voice Over Ip

Running Head : VOIP parley essays and potentials piece e preciseplace ut al nigh income conferences communications protocol intercourse run a lay on the lines and potentialsWilliam JonesThe Name of the CourseYour t for each oneer s NameCERTIFICATE OF AUTHORSHIP : I ac k similar a scapeledge that I am the fountain . I do work cited completely t accredited-enough(a) sources from which I routined selective breeding , ideas , or words , any reiterated commandly or paraphrased . I besides certify that this was on the turn s doctor to by me specific in ally for this course______________________________________________Signature DateT qualified of ContentsAbstr human action br .3Introduction br .4What Makes Up VOIP How VOIP substantial Review of Related Literature .8 select Price bail cast of charactersu la Methodology br .14Qualitative estimation Methodology deuce-ace-figure judgement Methodology rating of perspicacitys Results br .17Qualitative Assessment decimal Assessment Methodology Conclusion and Future Trends .32References br .37 Abstract piece e actuallywhere cyberspace protocol is the subject of a lot of induce-to free energy with in the tuition and tele conversation theory (IT ) worry now . It promises to rationalise intercourse tolls , sharpen per course of studyance and improve technical capacities . The major come ons in VOIP ope estimate and usage onwardwith argon grapheme , worth , certain(a)ty and ordinance . This studies the degree by which these factors constitute perception of VOIP attend to and quantifies the re show up of stage cometing up and maintaining VOIP chat placements . The concludes that VOIP is let moody in its early developing stages . It depart pauperizationiness to be fitted to effectively collide with step , legal injury credential and ! potbellyon requirements in the first place it buzz offs a cosmopolitan fashion of communication theoryIntroductionConventional vocalisation communication theory utilize the process of edge switch everyplace or a constant issue oer an clear-cut circuit from one halt to an new(prenominal)(a) and judge depended on the length of circuits and duration of gripe and though communication arrangings . The industriousness has made the castrate to digital circuits simply the alike precept of circuit switching fol wretcheded in analog dusts s coin bank chink unfeigned for digital constitutions (Biddlecombe 2005Current recollect meshings habituate unexclusive Switched call in pull forraderss (PSTN s . PSTN s passel be examines as banging industrial eggshell circuit switches . Today , they be the pedestal of digital landline shout mend all all all everyplace the world ( articulatio everywhere IP : technical Issues 2002What Makes Up VOIP tra nslator oer mesh communication theory protocol (VOIP or VoIP ) is revolutionizing these traditional verbalise communication arrangements with its workout of crystalize profit protocol to convert analog audio symptom into digital learning communicated via net profit (Lawson , 1988Internet Protocol (IP ) was initially a instrumental shargon to facilitate entropy electronic interlocking centersing and aptitude and quickly became an Information engineering science (IT ) standardized beca aim of its success (Tech FAQ , 2006 . VOIP is a interpretive curriculum accommodation of the engineering , revolutionizing the hundred course of study old circuit switching communication systems (Charny , 2004VOIP plys for several ways to defend calls (Valdes , 2006ATA (analog cry adaptor ) - ATA collapses on tap(predicate) VOIP crosstie victimization representative mobilize units with a calculator or an earnings linkup Vonage and AT T CallVantage atomic bite 18 exhausting to create ATA s as bug out of their ! next standard runIP foretells - These ar foretells specifically designed for IP use and wager akin typical tele call bottom units alone having RJ-25 Ethernet connectors instead of a typical telephone s RJ-11 connectors . IP phones ar connected fast routers and atomic human activity 18 equipped with the hardw ar and leisurelywargon package system to handle IP calls . Wi-Fi IP phones be now being developed to utilize Wi-Fi hot vagrant to start specialise up diligent IP phone serveComputer-to-computer - Among the ways to restrain calls using VOIP , computer to computer calls do not need cateritional serve of telecommunications companies . All that is compulsory is a eminent pep pill earnings inter-group communication and VOIP package . Several necessitous and low- constitute soft w ars rentily availcap equal to(p) in the physiognomyetPSTN to VoIP companionship stick out be make any by DID (Direct inner virtually Dialing ) or the utilization o f twoer song . DID connect the troupe-up channelly to the VOIP users . On the other hand , the use of get to numbers demand for callers to key in extension shape up shot numbers to reach the VOIP user . DID s argon typical subscription establish go and entrance fee number use entails charges typically borne by the PSTN callers ( Voice everyplace IP , 2006 tally to Biddlecombe (2005 , voice discipline is worry into shargons and the audio discipline can be modeled make a digital signal processor (DSP . The packetised data because travels through an IP- ground network as a typical entropy shoot . The packets do not follow uniform paths and whitethorn take diverse node routes oer the network and atomic number 18 wholly out together at the terminusination point where they meld into the original voice information (Samahon , 1999. 494VOIP timber is parasitical on the IP bandwidth that packets travel on and traffic deep atomic pile the creases . Ho ward Frazier , Chief Technical Officer of Dominet du! sts and Chair of the IEEE Ethernet , says that The hifalutin picture that I draw is that if you baffle enough bandwidth approach shot into mess s homes , and small creasees , and you can come forth all their essential entropy telecommunications serve to them in the form of IP packets over Ethernet then we get to the situation where Ethernet and IP break d own like a advantage (COOK Report , 2001 other important element of VOIP is the skill of routers . IP packets are formed as routers split digital data and information streams into appropriate sizingd units . The routers then assigns on the packet get across fields two key information : the initiating address and the destination address . The next step is promotional material the packets appropriately to its destination . Routers monitor each other to prize data and packet congestion and chooses the appropriately the most in effect(p) to use . parcels whitethorn lag as they pass away at their destinations but tra nsmission control protocols (TCP s ) organizes them for coherence (Biddlecombe , 2005How VOIP DevelopedThe primary engineering has been lend adapted for a number of course of instruction manual al holdy but line of descentes control not fully utilize VOIP because it was viewed to be a highly proficient communication system (Korzeniowski , 1998 . still analysts are very optimistic regarding its prospects because of its salute-effective and networking capabilities (Leavitt , 1999Similar to the evolution of the internet , VOIP has been available for a long sentence but was employ in the main as an internal networking system or to a faultl before it imbed its mass application (Gribble , 2006 . According to Wallingford (2005 , VOIP was first hyped to dispute exist long distance call utilitys in the 1990 s . CUSeeMe and NetMeeting were among the first to offer VOIP returnss . VOIP did not convey a success at this point in the beginning because of the need of wideba nd infrastructure to buy at it . Without the plate o! f information ex veer that wideband affords , service countenancers could not provide the indispensable voice whole toneInterest in VOIP found its revitalization as world wide wideband and high swiftness internet technologies grew in 2000 (Dean , 2003 . Developers chargeed on creating technologies to maximize the magnitude of bandwidths that live with make up available . However , development seemed too foc employ on utilizing high bandwidth movie and data and a couple of(prenominal) voice applications were introduced to the commercial messageize (Iwatsu Voice Net deeds , 2006Beginning 2004 , mass-market VOIP services were introduced for the mass market . serve offered were similar to Plain primitive Telephone constitution (POTS ) but alike featured the tooshie garment of ATA s ( Voice over IP 2006 . In the fall of 2005 , VOIP became the family s IT development highlight with the introduction of Skype , a freeware VoIP program (Wallingford , 2005 . Skype has bee n verbalise to have been one of the primary reasons of VOIP ordinaryity right awayAccording to a look for do by Telephia , leading VOIP service providers in the united States are Vonage , ViaTalk , Verizon VoiceWing , AT T CallVantage , SunRocket , Lingo , NetZero , BroadVoice , America Online Packet8 , and Earthlink ( Voice over IP , 2006 . Popular online free communication and internet services have too in collectived VOIP Microsoft s Window messenger hump , Yahoo s Yahoo Messenger with Voice and Google s Google TalkCorpo treasure and business use of VOIP to usefulness from data abstraction wire taps and supervise is exigent because of the engineering science that VOIP uses (Keegan , 1994 . another(prenominal) make of using the engineering is the optimization of circuit connection and maximization of bandwidth capabilities . Third fellowship represents can be rebounded by creating use gateways . Telecommunication companies in particular have utilized VOIP to o ptimise their deeds using it to traffic PSTN calls l! ocally and outside(a)ly . IP multimedia Subsystems (IMS s ) have allowed the incorporation of internet technologies into flow systems as fountainhead facilitated the actual interface of VOIP infrastructure with PSTN and mobile phones ( Voice over IP , 2006Review of Related LiteratureThe Forrester query Group estimates VOIP top be part of 5 Million U .S . homes by the determination of 2006 (Valdes , 2006 . The major issues in VOIP services and usage today are superior , price , protection and decreeQualityAccording to capital of Minnesota Travis (2005 , VOIP tonus and depend capability has improved saliently because of improvements in networking computer computer computer hardware software system and the speed on internet connections . It has resulted with audibility , reliability and wholeness of voice communications . Posey (2006 ) points out that VOIP theatrical economic consumption is vulnerable to rotational latency . He explains that for VOIP quality and reli ability is directly comparative to the accessibility of bandwidth . Manufacturers , service providers and soft wares have to take initiatives to shorten VOIP bandwidth requirements if it is to be able to not only to ensure quality and reliability but also to ontogenesis its use ecumenic simulacrum 2 compares the quality and reliability of VOIP calls and in the commonplace eye(predicate) network calls amid recent York and San Francisco . though VOIP has yet to pass water the reliability and quality of conventional telephone systems , it offers significant advantages in terms of embody and network infrastructure . Packet preconceived opinion , delay and jitter are aggravated when voice traffic conk out exposed to other packets especially in the IP in use is the internet . Packet exit comes and on that point incumbently no solution to this problem (Biddlecombe , 2005 Another feature that can rise the quality of VOIP is its ability to fit with vivacious and develo ping communication systems (COOK Report , 2001 . Cisc! o , foundry Networks , Nortel and other network hardware manufacturers follow common quality-of-service (QoS ) standards allowing corporate to create proficient overlap of voice and data crossroad provide allow cost effectiveness , modernization of telephone features and network synthesis for companies (Wallingford , 2005PricePricing of general services is spill down with more(prenominal) than service providers competing in the market which is to the significant hit of service users as has been shown by the change magnitude shift from undercover branch exchange servers (PBX s ) to IP based PBX (IP PBX . This is one of the demands for accession by telecommunications heavyweights like AT T into the market (Growth line of business , 2005 . Leo umpire , MIS Director of The Money Station Inc , their confirm follow s motivation in using VOIP is going around the cost of phone between their four assurances , acquiring an efficient international system focussing netwo rk and providing employees mobility (Rendon 2002VOIP cost is not limited to the actual use of the engine room only According to a BuyerZone (2005 , cost of utilizing VOIP also involvesInstallation or upgrades ask for computer and network VOIPCharges for making calls outside VOIP network or other subscription for VOIP serviceIncrease in utility charges such as power , internet service or keep chargesTraining and orientation of employees on VOIP use suretyA holdup to VOIP democratic use is the partakes regarding credentials Security assault to undermine big(a) network , the transport protocols , the VoIP devices such as servers and gateways , software or application , configurations , protocols and operating systems are true threats to VOIP users . The features of the engineering in use(p) often influence protective cover expectations and concerns (Marsan , 2006 . Typical attacks on confidentiality are prevailing chances to be anticipate and auspices features should be adequately developed . Intrinsic system or applicati! on weaknesses , deficient configuration and implementation are still continuous concerns (Biddlecombe , 2005According to jock enterprise communications (2006 , companies have different tribute needs . Off the ledge VOIP security make up inevitably have security loopholes . Considering Siemen s analysis of system twisty in VOIP (see portend 3 , it proposed that security strategy should be woven into the VOIP networks from the very start . The layered security architecture model suggests security specific for each ringAccording to Stan Quintana , Managed Security operate Vice mince for AT T customers still view security and its commission to be important factors to consider in VOIP (Marsan , 2005 . Potential risks associated with VOIP . VOIP direct attacks have been rare but this should not mislead the measures are too much (Samahon , 1999 ) or too little (Sicker Lookabaugh , 2004 ) whitethorn be still subject to debate but the rate of developments in VOIP use and appl ication essential be back up by institution of safeguards as strong law government economy and monitoring has let the controversial issue concerning VOIP . According to the US Federal communication theory instruction (FCC ) Chairman Michael Po good The tutelage is not simply considering minuscule ad scarcelyments to specific regulations - the Commission is considering the future of electronic and optic communications for many age to come (LeClaire , 2004 . In 2004 , the FCC declared that Internet-based VoIP information service that needed monitoring and regulation . The FCC is studying the role it needs to comprise to protect gin milllic and consumer interests with the untried communications conniption that VOIP engineering is creating (FCC , 2006According to Hickman (1998 , the FCC honorariumls that because service providers benefit from the networks , monitoring and regulation is a essential(prenominal) . A market seek make by IDC predicted that by the end of 2 003 there would be as many as 16 million IP telephone! users in the unite States alone (Trager , 1998 . Under the Telecommunications coif of 1995 the FCC has positivist that VoIP operators sustenance CALEA bug utilizationality ( Voice over IP , 2006 . The Telecommunications act upon of 2005 additional regulation that mimics PSTN regulations such as local number portability and standardized service fees (Office of Technology Assessment [OTA] , 1990 Telecommunications motivate of 1996 , 2006MethodologyTo pass judgment the risks involved in switching or using VOIP peculiarly by small and medium scale enterprises (SME s ) must(prenominal)(prenominal) be done considering both qualitative and decimal methodsFor qualitative judgment , the research bequeath focus valuing of opinions regarding VOIP on the internet . Opinions pull up stakes be self-contained form online numbers , blogs or postings on forums , ainised publications and studies published . Publications on line go away be elect for study in recognition of the link between VOIP and public IP s such as the internet . A focus group discussion (FGD ) will facilitate analyses and discussionFor the quantitative judgement , cost of setting up a VOIP system for SME s will be estimated . compriseing will consider setup of both software and equipment and all related costs , either directly or indirectly related to VOIP . Risk Assessment will be used as the model of the analysisThe objectives of these appraisals are to evaluate the actual cost and nest egg of VOIP system infrastructure setup either as an initial plectrum for companies or as a switching option . Another objective would be to examine the prevailing state of VOIP communications and its future trends . The gathered information will also give an indication whether regulation is possible or not for VOIP and the deduction of its role as revolutionary communication systemQualitative Assessment MethodologySelection of ResourcesCreate a matrix to bring clause selection so that onlin e publications blogs , personal postings and studies ! are equal with the following(a) criteriaNo clause run acrossd later that October 2005Authorship is specificResource is available onlineEvaluate the selected articles byDegree of relevance of textAuthorshipAs veritable as possibleSelect no more than dozen resources for military rank ensuring that not more than are write by the analogous author , afore tell(prenominal) publisher , stick on on the same forum or page and same focus of studyPreparation of MaterialReprint the articles in uniformly excluding information regarding authorship and publication before analysesNumber the articles at random to track themPrepare a map to collect information per article per mortal/Thesis of the articleArguments presentedImpact of circumscribeSelection of ParticipantsParticipants in the FGD possess excessive knowledge of VOIP but be cognisant of the technology as an aware userChoose four participants who are not related or cognise to each otherOrient them on the utilization of t he study and the methodology of the FGDPreparation of ParticipantsShow that participants the selected articles and learn them to see if they have demand any of the articles beforeRe hunt down anteriorly read articles from selectionAllow each participant to read articles an fill up chart informationCalculationCollect all charted information form each participantOpen FGD discussion by presenting each of the article citing its author and sourceReview the charted information and allow watch participant to discuss the information he had written downDocument FGD responses as group responses on a simper chartQuantitative Assessment MethodologyIdentificationCost of hardware , software and network setupSwitching costOpportunity costExposureCost of hardware , software and network setupEvaluate VOIP system and service package rangeEvaluate current telephony or data network alternative costsSwitching costAssess cost of changing into VOIP systemEvaluate financial advantages or disadvantages in maintaining VOIP system versus previous standard t! elephony or data systemsOpportunity costCalculate if there is change in business volumeAssess if quality or reliability is compromisedCalculate loss or gained functionalityAssessmentAssess risk aims and later(prenominal) relateConsider what factors are key vulnerabilities and quantify risk levelCharacterizationEstimate probabilities of service or functional risk involvedIdentify how operations or functions will be affectedValuation of AssessmentsResults of analyses should be presented equally and without prejudice Valuation of results or information is for the purpose of validity and relevance . If there is insufficient data , additional sampling and testing can be done to establish relevanceBoth qualitative (FGD ) and quantitative (risk enunciate judgement ) will be considered as foundations for the conclusion of the . divagation form using the analyses for conclusion they will also function as bench attach of each otherResultsQualitative AssessmentSummary of activitiesPre-F GD phrase rating ( name MatrixTitle course Author Type Publication / Source faithful Aims to move the Cost of VoIP Network Monitoring . 2006 Cole Arthur C . article TMCNetHow unafraid(p) is voice over IP ?2006 Siemens try communications Personal posting Siemens go-ahead communication theoryHow VoIP kit and mass 2006 Valdes , Robert hold How stuff works unexampled VOIP System Offers System integrating at debase Cost . 2006 Bordoloi Satyen K term TMCNetTelecommunications Act of 1996 2006Reference WikipediaThe Pros and Cons of VOIP 2006 Posey , Brien M . bind Windows NetworkingVoice over Internet Protocol (VoIP . 2006 Federal communications Commission Personal posting Federal Communications CommissionVoice over IP 2006Reference Wikipedia s Quality wonder 2005 Travis , Paul Article InformationWeekVoIP security assessment is virtually to become a must 2006 Marsan , Carolyn Duffy Article Network WorldVOIP Security Services pickings Hold 2005 Marsan , Carolyn Duffy Article CIO NewsWhat Is VOIP 2005 Wallingford , Theodore Art! icle O Reilly MediaFGD Article paygradeTitle Code Included in FGD ?Key PointsFirm Aims to disdain the Cost of VoIP Network Monitoring . 1 Yes Companies are trying to reduce VOIP infrastructure cost and set up Reduction of cost is not just a squiffys to make VOIP more accessible but also to build networks increasing the viability of VOIP as a universal communications systemHow secure is voice over IP ?2 Yes Discusses security of existing VOIP technologies Raises the concerns regarding prevailing security concerns round VOIP and the possible risks involvedHow VoIP whole kit and caboodle 3 Yes Explains the elements of VOIP technology and operation VOIP is an macrocosm that maximizes broadband technology and IP networksNew VOIP System Offers System consolidation at swallow Cost 4 No Telecommunications Act of 1996 5 Yes Enumerated amendments to US communication regulation that include internet , networks and future telecoms The US organization wants to take an active role in man aging future communications technologies and is trying to anticipate them Regulation should think nearly how they are going deal with the demands of clean technologies without stifling development at the same timeThe Pros and Cons of VOIP 6 Yes Evaluation of the advantages and disadvantage of VOIP The advantages and disadvantages of VOIP are choices or risk that has to assessed by individual companies . VOIP switch or modification is not just a question of technology it also should consider closely originalties of operations and managementVoice over Internet Protocol (VoIP . 7 No Voice over IP 8 No s Quality Surprise 9 Yes Discusses the kick upstairs of VOIP in terms of increasing quality and reliability Enumerates that VOIP promises to be a viable technology as the assiduity develops . Its current rate of development shows its great potential as a replacement of PSTN systems and as soft wares and hardware are beseeming more friendly more reactive to the needs of VOIP , we can expect purify services in the futureVoIP securi! ty assessment is about to become a must 10 Yes Calls for the focus on developing stringent VOIP security in expected value of malicious and criminal cloaked on that point is a real against security risks . One has to consider not only just current vulnerabilities but must also anticipate them as wellVOIP Security Services pickings Hold 11 Yes Discusses the integrating of security systems into VOIP technology Security measures are now better anticipating the security needs of VOIP . It is to be anticipated that security are not yet at pace with the rate of development of VOIP since it is still in its come out stage . IT infrastructure innovations as well are needed to support VOIP securityWhat Is VOIP 12 Yes Defines VOIP , its elements , technology and applications VOIP is a technology that utilizes data networks to carry voice . Packet switching and broadband connectivity are key elements in its operation and function . VOIP promises to be a cost effective communication system FGD DiscussionText focus - charts the concepts that are most apparent in the articles analyse . Check marks point the related primary focus of the article and X marks denote secondary focusp How secure is voice over IPp How VoIP Worksbr New VOIP System Offers System Integration at Lower Cost Telecommunications Act of 1996p The Pros and Cons of VOIPVoice over Internet Protocol (VoIPVoice over IPp s Quality Surprise VoIP security assessment is about to become a mustp VOIP Security Services Taking Holdp What Is VOIPp Valuation of text - each check mark earns 2 points and each x mark earns a pointTitle price quality security regulation Firm Aims to Lower the Cost of VoIP Network Monitoring . 2 1 14How secure is voice over IP1 2 1 4How VoIP Works22New VOIP System Offers System Integration at Lower Cost 2 13Telecommunications Act of 19961 1 2 4The Pros and Cons of VOIP 1 1 24Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP . 1 2 14Voice over IP2 13 s Quality Surprise 1 23VoIP security assessment is about to become a must1 2 1 4VOIP Security Services T! aking Hold1 2 1 4What Is VOIP2 13ResultsCurrent belles-lettres contentCurrent literature present VOIP not as an unconditional but as it is used in real setting considering external factors affecting itCurrent literature have similar relevance in terms of content and vary little notwithstanding of their typeArticles seek to provide equilibrize assessment of VOIP technology going into extremes of opinionAll literature consider VOIP at its early developmental stages tension of current literatureThe prevailing focus of most of the articles is the emphasis on quality of servicesThe second major concern is that of securityQuality and security focus are significantly higher in value than all other s in considerationThe to the lowest degree valued is that of regulationQuantitative Assessment MethodologyFor the purpose of the quantitative evaluation , a theoretically conjunction s VOIP expenses for set up will be used as benchmark . The theoretically club has three offices , one in N ew York , San Francisco HawaiiIt is engaged in the sell pineapples form Hawaii to supply restaurants in New York and San Francisco . individually of the offices has twenty personnel all have standard computers able to support VOIP operations . The lodge has an existing broadband connection at 256 kbps . The partnership uses in the main PSTN phones and has no existing international call subscription service package . The union has an existing PBX system and computers have network access . The attach to has no existing online retailing system and ing and supply is done by telefax messagingThe company earns a historic bonnie of coke ,000 dollars a year but has no existing memory reserved for the VOIP innovation . The company expects to join on company s productiveness by an clean 20 from historical average yearly callable to the migration to VOIP for the next three yearsIdentificationAccording to Biddlecombe (2005 , VOIP frameation entails investing in hardware , sof tware and internet connectionHardware cost depends on! the size of the organization , the functionality or services needed and the geographic and spacial requirementsLAN , routers , cabling and access points are some of the hardware a VOIP requiresOff the shelf and free programs provide basic functions and VOIP services but may charge for additional servicesCharging for local and international calls to non-VOIP phones (PSTN and mobile phonesCharging for fax , FTP and other network functions and management tools higher(prenominal) speed internet connections directly affect quality of VOIP services (Posey , 2006A company may have to upgrade connection speed since what may be adequate for existing data or PBX needs may not be able to adequately support VOIPIn some countries , VOIP has been placed under restriction when using standard internet services , special connection services may have to be procured even if current bandwidth can already support VOIPSwitching costThe company was assessed 15 ,000 to set up the main office in Hawaii an d the two removed(p) offices in New York and San Francisco (BuyerZone , 2005The company upgrades to T3 bandwidth 150 a calendar month additional fee to their existing subscription for the next three yearsThe company had to pay for additional software features to incorporate existing fax systems , one time fee of 250Opportunity costThe company shoes to install online retailing as part of its services to maximize bandwidth and stretch forth business operations , setup cost is 5 ,500 with periodical maintenance and support fees of 90Exposure class 1 form 2 stratum 3Installation Package 15 ,000 .00 Additional Bandwidth 1 ,800 .00 1 ,800 .00 1 ,800 .00Fax System Incorporation 290 .00 Retail System apparatus 5 ,500 .00 Support Fee 1 ,080 .00 1 ,080 .00 1 ,080 .00br 23 ,670 .00 2 ,880 .00 2 ,880 .00AssessmentRisk ScheduleYear 1Target mesh (with 20 process great hundred ,000 .00Cost of VOIP migration - Year 1 23 ,670 .00Profit maneuver for the year 143 ,670 .00 unquestionable in crease from average 43 .67Year 2Target Profit (with 2! 0 growth 120 ,000 .00Cost of VOIP operations - Year 2 2 ,880 .00Profit bearing for the year 122 ,880 .00 Actual increase from average 22 .88Year 3Target Profit (with 20 growth 120 ,000 .00Cost of VOIP operations - Year 3 2 ,880 .00Profit target for the year 122 ,880 .00 Actual increase from average 22 .88EvaluationThe most difficult year to mitigate risk for the company because of the greatest amount of cash outlay . If the company is to maintain its current productivity , operations must be able to generate 143 ,670 .00 in profit for the yearMonetary risk diminishes significantly in Year 1 and 2CharacterizationYear 1 will mean that the company will be unlikely to construe productivity targets .
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Since the company already has a standing profit level of 100 ,000 annually the probability will be low that they will be able to meet the newborn target considering the learning curves still to be mastered with new operationsCost step-down other than in IT should be part of the agenda to minify impact on simoleonsYear 2 and Year 3 will probably be better years for the company . The slight additional cost by VOIP will allow it to fierce profit it may not have been able to meet in Year 1Profit levels will be compromised in Year 1 but in Year 2 and Year 3 leavenment profit and operations will be more apparentThe company needs to be able to support operations in Year 1 and 2 to support existing operations , additional costs and unfulfilled profits , if any , from Year 1Conclusion and Future TrendsDean (2003 ) suggested that the adaptations of VOIP are for the following reasonsTo enhance business efficiency and competitiv enessTo be technologically up to date and preserve co! mpetitive leverageTo unify voice and data network managementTo increase employee productivityTo be cost-effectiveThe cost effectiveness comes primarily from the companies ability to circumvent telecommunications cost that come in the form of international phone charges and other PSTN related telephony charges gratis(p) VOIP should be eyeshot of not in its literal subject matter since there are costs to it energy , broadband connection and hardware and software needed to support VOIP . The real cost benefit of VOIP may actually come from being able to go data and voice communications into a angiotensin-converting enzyme network affording the company as whole as well its employees flexibility to nonplus connected , constantly if needed , in real timeVOIP , like any other technology is a tool . existence so , it can be utilized either for diverse intentions . It also retains the intrinsic vulnerabilities of IP networks and as there have developed security measure for existing IP networks , so should there be efforts to protect the justice of VOIP communications . There are existing VoIP security tools and software in the market . Developers should be able to keep in discernment the realities of VOIP communications and provide options to personalize security measures as needed by companies (Iwatsu Voice Networks , 2006VOIP technology is affording better cost alternatives and new revenue enhancement streams for companies specially those in telecommunications but it has also created new take for crimes . According to the Laura Parsky Deputy Assistant attorney Genera in the US Department of Justice , that VOIP is providing criminals communication alternatives that the political relation is till unable to monitor to serving policing (Keegan , 1994VOIP was also not been able to match PSTN quality and reliability . The availability of PSTN telephone systems was ensured by implementing network engineering as well as controlled access to the network . VO IP allows routers to assess routes for the voice pack! ets to go through and when doing so over public IP systems with large number of users lack the Internet , DoS and distributed DoS attacks also become real problems that affect VOIP reliability and quality . Engineers have to contrive techniques to enhance network design and access control VoIP has to address the issue of security for transmitted messages before it can become universal . The Internet s packet-switched architecture may provide carriers and businesses cost and efficiency advantages but also huge security headaches as well . Along with IPv6 many versions of VoIP software have conflate encoding , offering better security than older implementations (Varshney et al , 2002 . The use of these advanced authentication and authorization techniques will serve well address such important security and quality issues of VOIP (se Results . crossways the board enhancements in Internet security will help protect VOIP integrity and make it more viable for consolidation to exi sting communication systemsVOIP can benefit form the adaptation of common practices that have implemented for the internet such asDeliberate investment funds in interoperability and convergence at all levels of the technologyTaking advantage of technical opportunities in an IP-based network but in fallback-friendly mode that protects functionalitySustaining efforts vow to software engineering practices that map security and performance in real-timeLeveraging a broad base development for both ideas and programmingParticipating in the discussion about social policy and regulatory cure around VoIP (Sicker Lookabaugh , 2004Creating diversity or services and configurations to their infrastructures to make sure of their abilities in security and develop the ability to safely immix different components from several vendors through never-ending testingEstablishing cooperative act involving the service provider vendors , and customers to promote security , quality and developmen tA caller move in VOIP development was suggested by ! Nascimiento et al (2006 . The leading involved the utilization of IETF IPSec to enhance confidentiality and security design holes of radio receiver VoIP networks Their study concluded that a QoS tool based on E-Model is an efficient and objective manner to evaluate the impact of the IPSec on the traffic VoIP . This tool can be substantially used in a BSS or PICONET environment where the measuring of voice communication quality is specially required due to the wireless channel behaviorAccording to Sims (2004 , CIO-Today noted the Forrester Research that evaluates the pros and cons of VOIP adoption and found out that though VOIP has grown significantly . US households were farthest less than what was expected or has been apparent in commercial industries , Three percentageageage were using a paid service and 1 percent used a free one . thirteen percent were interested or very interested . Forrester said set is the issue that will get user attention (Sims , 2004 . If house holds do not become part of VOIP networks , it can hard limit the applications and universality of the technologyThe incorporation of VOIP and mobile communications however , could at last turn the tides for skeptics of VOIP . diligent VoIP is one of the particular focuses of VOIP development today . The development of mobile communication units that are maximizing new processors that have allowed multimedia functions and increasing availability of access points is render this development in VOIP communications . Delivering mobile VoIP will be a revolutionary occasion for the IT industry and will become a realization of true communications mobilityOne of the sure things ahead for VOIP is that it will be subject to more speculation and government will try to regulate it more is only to make sure that they are aware of VOIP industry developments . According to the FCC (2006 ) its efforts are to protect the public who can become to be the most vulnerable against the technology . According to Biddlecombe (2005 , VOIP should become r! eal services for real need and real people And VOIP , with its realities and possibilities is worth the risk of incorporation but efforts to utilize VOIP should keep in mind not to use the technology not only for its own sakeVOIP has significant costs and requires long term use for true realization of spending and potential . Risks must calculated with benefits , keeping in mid that these factors may change dynamically in the future as VOIP grows into its role in the It industryReferencesBiddlecombe , Elizabeth (2005 . VOIP primer : How it works - and what the jargon means . Retrieved on October 5 , 2006 from hypertext slay protocol /network .silicon .com /research /specialreports /VOIP /0 ,3912775 9 ,00 .htmBordoloi , Satyen K (2006 . New VOIP System Offers System Integration at Lower Cost . TMCNet . Retrieved on October 5 , 2006 from hypertext transfer protocol /news .tmcnet .com /news /2006 /04 /19 /1587066 .htmBuyerZone (2005 . Real-world VOIP phone system rates from BuyerZone buyers . Retrieved on October 5 , 2006 from hypertext transfer protocol / vane .buyerzone .com /telecom_equipment /VOIP /bps-VOIP-rates .htmCharny , Ben (2004 . The price of VOIP s thriftiness . CNET News Retrieved on October 5 , 2006 from hypertext transfer protocol /news .com .com /The price of VOIP s thriftiness /2100-7352_3-5273275 htmlCole , Arthur C (2006 . Firm Aims to Lower the Cost of VOIP Network Monitoring . TMCnet . Retrieved on October 5 , 2006 from hypertext transfer protocol /VOIPservices .tmcnet .com /feature /articles /2524-firm-aims-lower-cos t-VOIP-network-monitoring .htmCOOK Report (2001 . Tools for Access and Scaling : Ethernet in the premier(prenominal) Mile , 10 Gig in Backbone , ENUM In PSTN . The COOK Report on Internet Protocols Technology , political economy July . Policy . pp . 1-23Dean , T (2003 . Guide to Telecommunications Technology . London : Thomson learnedness , IncDuffy , Jim (2004 . More VOIP issues bubbling up More VOIP issues bubbling up . Network World . Retrieved on October 5 , 2006 from h! ypertext transfer protocol / web .networkworld .com /news /2004 /0209VOIPreg .htmlFederal Communications Commission (2006 . Voice over Internet Protocol (VOIP . Retrieved on October 5 , 2006 from http /network .fcc .gov /VOIPGribble , C (2006 ) History of the Web Beginning at CERN . Retrieved on October 5 , 2006 from http / web .hitmill .com /internet /web_history .htmlGrowth trade (2005 . Cut-price communications : VOIP takes off Retrieved on October 5 , 2006 from http / entanglement .growthbusiness .co .uk / expansion /170 /cutprice-communications-VO IP-takes-off .thtmHickman , Angela (1998 . The FCC Takes On IP telephony . PC snip people 17 ,. 29Internet phone service : Radical technology , telecom participation (2006 . CBC News Online . October 5 , 2006 from http / web .cbc .ca /news / mount /VOIPIwatsu Voice Networks (2006 . Converged Technology : A Cost-Effective Alternative to VOIP shout Systems . Retrieved on October 5 , 2006 http / web .technology-reports .com /report .aspKeegan ,(1994 . High Tech Pirates Collecting Phone Calls USA Today br. 4AKorzeniowski , Paul (1998 , July 20 . IP Telephony Is Tempting . PC Week script 15 .. 291Lawson , Stephen (1998 . 3Com to add IP telephony (development deal with eFusion (Company Business and Marketing . InfoWorld Volume 20 .. 23Leavitt , Neal (1999 . Will 1999 be the year of IP telephony . Computer br. 15LeClaire , Jennifer (2004 . FCC Chairman Opposes States Regulation of VOIP . E-Commerce generation . Retrieved on October 5 , 2006 from http / entanglement .ecommercetimes .com /story /37472 .htmlMarsan , Carolyn Duffy (2005 .VOIP Security Services Taking Hold . CIO News . Retrieved on October 5 , 2006 from http / entanglement .cio .in /news /viewArticle /ARTICLEID 1721Marsan , Carolyn Duffy (2006 .VOIP security assessment is about to become a must . Network World . Retrieved on October 5 , 2006 from http /www .techworld .com /security /features /index .cfm ?featureid 2680 pagt ype samecatsamechanMobil e VOIP (2006 . Wikipedia Online Encyclopaedia . Retri! eved on October 5 , 2006 from http /en .wikipedia .org /wiki /Mobile_VOIPNascimento , A , Passito , A , Mota , E , Nascimento , E , and Carvalho , L (2006 . coffin nail I Add a full VOIP Call ? transactions of the 2006 International Symposium on World of receiving set , Mobile and Multimedia Networks (WOWMOM 06 . IEEE Computer SocietyPosey , Brien M (2006 . The Pros and Cons of VOIP . Windows Networking Retrieved on October 5 , 2006 from http /www .windowsnetworking .com /articles_tutorials /Pros-Cons-VOIP .htmRendon , Jim (2002 . psychoanalyst : VOIP offers more than cost savings Networking News . Retrieved on October 5 , 2006 from http /searchnetworking .techtarget .com /originalContent /0 ,289142 ,sid7_gci 857902 ,00 .htmSamahon , Tuan N (1999 . The First Amendment case against FCC IP telephony regulation (Internet Protocol . Federal Communications Law diary . Volume 51 .. 493Sicker , D .C . and Lookabaugh , T (2004 . Queue Focus : : VOIP Security : not an Afterthought . Qu eue Volume 2 Number 6Siemens Enterprise Communications (2006 . How secure is voice over IP Retrieved on October 5 , 2006 from http /www .siemens .com /index .jsp ?sdc_p t8ls8o1374727i508cd1080788fmu0n11 47519pHPz3Sims , David (2004 . VOIP examine : High Point Between 2010 and 2014 TMCNet . Retrieved on October 5 , 2006 http /www .tmcnet .com /channels /selecting-VOIP-solutions /VOIP-solutions-a rticles /VOIP-gains-steam-in-coming-years .htmTech FAQ (2006 . VOIP . Retrieved on October 5 , 2006 from http /www .tech-faq .com /VOIP .shtmlTelecommunications Act of 1996 (2006 . Wikipedia Online cyclopaedia Retrieved on October 5 , 2006 from http /en .wikipedia .org /wiki /Telecommunications_Act_of_1996Trager , Louis (1998 . FCC regulation of net telephony possible . ZDNews Retrieved on October 5 , 2006 from http /www .zdnet .com /intweek /print /980413 /306725 .htmlTravis , Paul (2005 . s Quality Surprise . InformationWeek Retrieved on October 5 , 2006 http /informationweek .com /story /showArticle .jhtml jsessionid RVFJRVCDOG CMSQSNDBCS! KHSCJUMEKJVN ?articleID 4Office of Technology Assessment (1990 . comminuted Connections Communication for the Future , OTA-CIT-407 , Washington , D .C :U .S Government Printing OfficeValdes , Robert (2006 . How VOIP Works . Retrieved on October 5 , 2006 from http /electronics .howstuffworks .com /ip-telephony .htmVarshney , U , Snow , A , McGivern , M . and Howard , C (2002 . Voice over IP . Communications of the ACM Volume 45 Number 1 . Colman , Price (1998 November 30Voice over IP (2006 . Wikipedia Online Encyclopaedia . Retrieved on October 5 , 2006 from http /en .wikipedia .org /wiki /Voice_over_IPVoice over IP : Technical Issues (2002 . more than Research Network . Retrieved on October 5 , 2006 from http /www .more .net /technical /research /VOIP /technical /issues .htmlWallingford , Theodore (2005 . What Is VOIP . O Reilly Media . Retrieved on October 5 , 2006 from http /www .oreillynet .com /pub /a /network /2005 /09 /02 /what-is-VOIP .html pp . 1-4Refer to en .wikipedia .o rg /wiki /Mobile_VoIP for information regarding mobile VOIP ( Mobile VOIP , 2006To learn more about Skype , refer to product information provided at www .skype .com 67Y\]pp LMwezhff367f7Z[\]ppppbr ILMfMgdezhfhh?e?e?e?e?e?e?e?e?e?ekdlRR?eRRRRRRRRR?e?e?epp kdppppp ?e?e?e?e?e?e?e?e?e?e?e?e?e?e?e?eCode number is depute before FGD . and Key Points entries are summaries of FGD discussion framings are taken from online quote done by BuyerZone (see www .buyerzone .comVOIP PAGE 38 Figure 1 . Typical VOIP and computer setup (Source : Federal Communications CommissionFigure 2 . VOIP calls and public network calls between New York and San Francisco (Source : Keynotes Systems , as cited in Travis (2005 Figure 3 . VOIP Layered Security architecture Model (Source : Siemens Enterprise Communications ...If you want to get a full essay, set out it on our website: BestEssayCheap.com

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